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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Research Question: “How do you manage and operate a local business?”
Souce #1: Lindh, & Thorgren, S. (2016). Entrepreneurship education: the role of local business. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 28(5-6), 313–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1134678
Local business is very important to regional and local economies. They stimulate the economy by opening up economic and employment opportunities. They provide opportunities for entrepreneurs to flourish while also creating meaningful opportunities with higher job satisfaction than corporations. They often help create sustainable communities while increasing city revenue. Entrepreneurial education is very high on political agendas as the more entrepreneurs the more local economies are stimulated. Studies show that collaboration between businesses and student life can strengthen existing entrepreneurial paths. The article looks at how local business is tied with entrepreneurship education policy. It then analyzes how entrepreneurial activities and culture influences policies on the local level. Local context plays a significant role in how entrepreneurship education is implemented. Locally implemented practices of cooperation help entrepreneurship education to fit both local culture and business needs. Entrepreneurship education allows for students to develop agency through structured engagement with a developed professional community. This allows students to cultivate a professional identity and understand the skills that they will need to be entrepreneurs. It is the responsibility of both parties to help cultivate their students/future entrepreneurs in order to give them back into the community in the future. Before entrepreneurs invest in potential future business investments it’s important for them to understand what qualities and factors are needed for a business to succeed. One of the leading factors to failed businesses is lack of information and awareness of the community that they are partaking in. Entrepreneurs continue to be an important investment for local economies to succeed.
Source #2: Einiö, E., & Overman, H. G. (2020, March 3). The effects of supporting local business: Evidence from the UK. Regional Science and Urban Economics. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016604621930050X
This article was about place-based intervention in the UK. Place-based spending is when a government targets significant amounts of public spending on areas that experience poor economic performance. While it has many benefits to the targeted area there are often concerns related to surrounding areas. Place-based intervention might simply move economic activity from one area to another , causing more deprivation and displacement in surrounding areas. This doesn’t help as it simply shifts the problem. A study was run on thirty economically deprived areas that have received significant area-based intervention. They did this by using the difference-in-difference and RD estimators to recognize displacement of employment from supported to unsupported areas. The results showed that the scope of the displacement was around 2km wide and that the magnitude of local displacement was around 10% of local employment. Displacement effects are also correlated to the program as they occur through the program’s term and the effects disappear once the program is terminated. In opposition to the strong evidence for employment displacement there isn’t as much evidence for displacement in terms of businesses. There are multiple other studies with causal research designs that show much more mixed results such as studies run in 2011 and 2013 that show no evidence of economic displacement. Despite this the main study run shows direct correlation to economic displacement being affected the closer to a supported target area boundaries the unsupported area is. The results suggest that jobs are simply being pushed from one deprived area to another, which dosen’t fix the problem and simply moves it over.
Source #3: Spence, S., & Hyams-Ssekasi, D. (2015). Developing business students’ employability skills through working in partnership with a local business to deliver an undergraduate mentoring programme. Higher Education, Skills and Work – Based Learning, 5(3), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-07-2014-0034
This article is about the recent disconnect between employers and graduates entering the workforce in what the perceived skill level is. Recently there has been suggestions in the workforce that new graduates have not reached the skill level necessary for full time employment and that employers are not satisfied. Employability is a tough term to define as it means different things to companies and higher education institutions. Many studies such as (Green,1990; Nabi & Bagley, 1999; Yorke, 2004; Raybould & Sheedy, 2005; Clarke & Patrickson, 2008; BBC News, 8th December 2011) have given evidence that companies believe graduates are lacking in generic workplace skills. This evidence supports that higher education institutions are not doing enough to prepare graduates with the soft skills they need. There are KPI’s ( key preformance indicators) that companies have provided that need to be met , in order to exponentially increase the rate for graduate employment as well as retention. Browne ( 2010) made claims that it is up to higher education institutions to make sure graduates can meet these KPI’s. Over the recent decade there has been changes to what people define employability as and what skills are necessary to succeed in the workplace. Graduates have to have completely different skills and work ethic to make it in employment these days. The competition in jobs has created new push and pull factors for both parties. Employment skills highly coveted by companies are having a “work ethos’ ‘, problem solving abilities, teamwork abilities, self-reflection and management etc.
Source #4: Khanzad, Z. G., & Gooyabadi, A. A. (2021). Development of strategic resilience framework for small businesses post-COVID-19. Businesses, 1(3), 127. https://doi-org.mutex.gmu.edu/10.3390/businesses1030010
This article is about a study run to analyze the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on small business world-wide , as well as developing a resilience framework. The pandemic devastated the global economy and small-businesses were affected the most. This article discusses different models such as the Meyer’s Model, the PESTEL model, and the Comprehensive Organizational Model to deal with resilience and adaptation. Small businesses are extremely vulnerable in crises due to their limited financial and economical resources. Hits to the economy can be severely devastating as people can often adapt by buting necessities from large corporations. This however allows smaller businesses to take advantage of their small size by being agile, flexible , innovative and adaptable in the face of crisis. Small businesses are able to move only to serve their best interests and don’t have to have large moves or decisions approved. Studies show that 26-50% of small businesses closed between January and May 2020. The PESTEL model suggests that to adapt, companies must have three main phases, anticipatory, responsive and readjustment. When a company is resilient that means all internal elements and factors should be resilient as well. An organization’s normal operations and structure will definitely change when it comes to the pandemic’s impact. The main traits of resilient organizations is the ability to learn and evolve over time. Resiliency allows companies to be able to tackle crises and strengthen their environment . Employees become adaptable allowing the entire organization to progress past other issues and conflicts that could affect them.
Source #5: Abubaker, M., Luobbad, M., Qasem, I., & Adam-Bagley, C. (2022). Work–Life-balance policies for women and men in an islamic culture: A culture-centred and religious research perspective. Businesses, 2(3), 319. https://doi-org.mutex.gmu.edu/10.3390/businesses2030021
This paper explores the nature of work-life balance policies that are offered by two telecommunication companies in the developing country of Palestine. Cultural context on Palestine is provided to understand how the work-life balance is. Palestine is a 90% muslim populated country that has been occupied by Israel since the war of 1967. Israel has placed heavy control on both the daily life and socio-economic life of Palestine. They have placed economic sanctions, banned free trade and geographically divided the country. They specifically focus on two locations, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. This has caused unemployment levels to spike drastically, specifically for educated young women. Large organizations in Palestine operate under the guidance of Palestinian Labour Law which were created in 2005. There are several unions representing different industries such as healthcare, telecommunications and banking sectors. Despite the fact that Palestine’s economy remains weak, the unions have strong social, economical and political functions as they protect the workforce of Palestie. They focus on tackling primary issues such as job creation, job retention by employers and financial rewards. The influences of Arab society as a culture also affects the work-life balance as they are much more relaxed in terms of worklife standards. Arab society has less of an emphasis on being an economic force and a capitalist society and more on basic life standards like family and community. The two largest telecommunication groups in Gaza were recruited for a study that showed the work-life balance was a result of six factors (1) Social and cultural factors; (2) Regulations of government; (3) Needs of women employees; (4) Competitors’ policies and the need to recruit skilled personnel; (5) International networking; and (6) The pressures of labour unions.
Introduce your research to your peers. Discuss what you’re finding and synthesize what you’ve learned so far. What do you believe is the significance of the research question you are pursuing?
You’ve done more research now so, I ask again: have you come across anything in your research that has changed what you initially thought? How has this changed your approach?
How will you use ethos, pathos, and logos for your specific topic? Which is the most effective in your specific area of interest? MINIMUM 250 WORDS
So for my research question, its main idea revolves around how to manage and operate a local business in any parts of the globe. When researching more about this topic, I have come to many conclusions that saying to have a local business is easier said than done. In order to have and operate a successful business anywhere in the world, your going to need to understand the root of economics, especially when it comes to supply and demand. Based off experience and the sources provided, lack of awareness in any community can lead to a failed business because the law of supply and demand. If a local business for example a tire shop, loses its main source to have new tires then the business will fail due to the lack of supply when customers are needed of new tires for their vehicles. When going through more and more research about my research question, I’ve come to a realization that many local businesses are run through communities and people around the area. My main perspective about any business includes generally serving to the public, but local businesses tend to not vend to more than one or two cities across the united states. Which then led to another question of how international businesses flourished from a local business to a total net worth of more than seven billion dollars according to google. I will
start by using pathos in my marketing strategies, for example when advertising my company through newspapers, social media, billboards, I will market my business in a way that attaches the viewer emotionally. A great way by advertising is by marketing as a family business. When using ethos, we want to establish credibility in our business model, examples of doing this is by making business cards, showcasing veteran workers who have veteran in the business field being discussed. Lastly logos, we will use customer reviews that are satisfied with our business that shows credibility for our business output. The most effective in my specific area is pathos because in any business being operated, the customers are what makes our business afloat especially since its a local business.
RUBRIC
OVERVIEW:
The researched argument will focus on a complex and meaningful claim relevant to an ongoing conversation within the disciplinary branch you investigated. The claim should contribute in some way to this conversation, perhaps by introducing a new focus, emphasis, or piece of evidence, and should be explicitly situated within this conversation as context. Remember that your paper is indeed entering a disciplinary conversation—one that has begun before and will continue afterward. As such, you are not trying to “win” an argument, but to instead add your perspective into the mix.
You spent time in the first unit investigating disciplinary standards and spent time in this unit investigating the rhetorical situation of this particular argument; your argument should thus demonstrate this disciplinary and situational awareness. Additionally, your argument should be a rhetorically-sound piece of communication. To that end, it should be fair, credible, and supported by careful integration of evidence, reasoning, and diverse viewpoints. Be mindful, when synthesizing viewpoints, to maintain a clear distinction between your voice and that of others. Introduce sources appropriately and integrate them to converse with your points rather than to make your points for you. Anticipate potential responses from your audience by examining your evidence and whether your audience might question the accuracy, currency, and/or authority, and likewise, by examining your reasoning for any weaknesses or alternative lines of thinking. Concede and acknowledge limitations when appropriate to bolster your appeal to ethos.
FURTHER DETAILS
Write an evidence-based argument to your audience defending your stance and proposing a plan of action the audience should take.
Audience:
You must write with an awareness of the audience you chose. You have already researched and analyzed that audience, and now you must tailor your word choice, evidence, and tone to the expectations of that audience.
Evidence:
This is a researched academic argument, so you must use evidence from at least two scholarly articles. Your other sources should come from the most reputable sources you can find. You cannot cite general encyclopedias, dictionaries (unless they are specialized dictionaries), or popular magazines and websites (About.com, TIME Magazine, U. S. News & World Report, etc.). You will be writing to sophisticated audiences who will be persuaded only if you use highly credible evidence. Introduce and synthesize the evidence you provide.
Structure:
Advocacy letters have a specific structure, but that structure still requires an introduction and thesis, body (background information, argument, and counterargument), and conclusion. Use good paragraphing techniques to help your audience move easily through your argument.
• Thesis and Argument:
Since you are writing an argument, you will need an argumentative thesis that contains a claim and a reason. Your thesis must take a stand on the issue, provide reasons for your stance, and propose a solution your audience should take. The thesis is most often the answer to your research question. • Counterargument: In the body of your paper, you must also address the counterarguments to your position in order to persuade your audience. The counterargument should address the audience’s resistance, concerns, or opposition to your position and/or your suggested plan of action. Concede where necessary; refute where you can.
Documentation Style: This paper should be formatted in APA (or your discipline’s preferred citation style) and should incorporate at least five credible sources.
✓ The word requirement for this assignment is 2,000 – 2,500 words. THIS DOES NOT INCLUDE THE BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES PAGE.
FINAL DRAFT
The effects of managing a local business
Introduction:
Managing a local business comes with many aspects regarding Knowing your specific area of expertise, knowing the basics of business and how to financially make the right decisions, how to operate the business and its employees to have a safe mental space when at work, and to keep constant cash flow. Learning how to start a local business could take months or even years depending on the connections you have, being able to maintain cash reserves, how to track and monitor spending to keep business afloat, and most importantly having a layout of your business plan to help you guide yourself to growth in your business. After the post pandemic times, many local businesses went to the drain cause of lack of cash flow. Ever since March of 2020, companies, local shops, and global businesses have shut down, cancelled, postponed, and some haved increased their capital expenditures to get through this economic drought.
Having a local business is very important to regional and local economies, mainly because they stimulate the economy by starting economic and employment opportunities. These opportunities provide young entrepreneurs flourish while also creating meaningful opportunities with higher satisfaction than corporations and the higher ups. (Lindh & Thorgen 2016). These local businesses have only positive aspects to the community and while keeping the economy sustainable while increasing city revenue. When operating a local business, you have to understand that what your are providing to the consumer has to be one of a kind and needs your own unique taste. This is important because it seperates you from your competitors and gives you an economic advantage. Having a locally owned business also has its advantages when your are built into local decision making, having a say in what helps your business thrive in that specific community so you understand what is and is not good for the local area.
Here: Type about what happened to local businesses after post pandemic:
It is no surprise that the recent outbreak of COVID-19 has had devastating affects on our global market and businesses. As we were put into lockdown many businesses were forced to shut down and figure out new ways to streamline their services in order to stay financially afloat. However the source I have provided to you discusses businesses pre-COVID and provide great insight as to how businesses were performing before the devastating effects of the pandemic. Before COVID-19 businesses were able to operate freely, meaning there was no restrictions or policies that would hinder their growth in terms of being able to operate in public spaces. Supply chains were not interrupted and the general demands of the public were being met due to businesses being as unrestricted as they were. Without restraints businesses were able to operate in public spaces commercially, by mail, and by any other source of “human to human” contact without the worry of devastating effects to human life. Without any sort of global shock international business was also not nearly as restricted as it is today. Businesses and their workers were able to travel across seas with ease and not have to worry about any devastating outcomes in doing so. As people and businesses being able to operate in public sectors without restrictions was a huge reason as to why businesses were able to find so much financial gain, that was not the only way they were able to grow themselves financially. An example of this is the medical device companies all across the United States, parts and devices that are manufactured were outsourced twenty plus years ago, meaning they do not actually build their products here in the United States. Without any disruptions they were able to easily manufacture and
mail the products make into the United States of America with ease. The role being played here is supply chain. There was not much supply chain issues pre-covid. Companies all across the United States did not have to fear that their products would be backed up or slowed down due to companies being unable to acquire the necessary components to their products. No supply chain issues equals more product being pushed out and more financial gain. Going back to our medical companies here in the United States, with their outsourcing they were spending less to develop products and generating more income due to the decreased spending in manufacturing their products. Research Economist Daniel wilmoth provided multiple graphs providing information on the effects of post pandemic to employees who are self employed in the United states, showing a tremendous decrease between January of 2020 and July of 2020 in change in total working self employed between January of 2020 and January of 2021. (Wilmoth 2021).