In this assignment, you will look at examples of research projects where the results were tainted and evaluate why things were able to go wrong.<\/p>\n
Prompt<\/p>\n
In this assignment, you will review summaries of actual research studies. For each research study, consider what went wrong and what could have been done to avoid the situation in the first place. You may wish to consider items such as lack of a review board for oversight, researcher bias, or other unethical practices on the part of the researcher.<\/p>\n
Review the summary of each research study and then describe what went wrong.<\/p>\n
Note: You can copy and paste all the summaries below into a new document and write your response directly below each summary.<\/p>\n
Stanford Prison Experiment<\/p>\n
This research study sought to explain how people respond to authority roles. During this study, the researcher, Philip Zimbardo, enlisted students to play the role of either an inmate or a prison guard. This study was planned to take place for two weeks and is referred to as the \u201cStanford Prison Experiment.\u201d Zimbardo\u2019s goals were to \u201csee what the psychological effects were of becoming a prisoner or prison guard.\u201d In the study, Zimbardo played the role of the prison superintendent. The \u201cguards\u201d were given no training and made up whatever rules they deemed necessary to maintain control of their \u201cprisoners.\u201d The guards used humiliation tactics to control the prisoners by stripping them, delousing them, and subjecting them to repeated rounds of push-ups and \u201ccounts\u201d where the prisoners had to call out their prisoner number, as well as solitary confinement and physical confrontations.<\/p>\n
The prisoners eventually rebelled, but this rebellion was quickly squashed when the guards called in reinforcements and order was restored. Eventually, the guards decided to use the prisoners against each other to help maintain order, and they created a \u201cprivilege cell\u201d where the most compliant prisoners were allowed to have additional privileges such as clothing, beds, and special food, all of which the other prisoners were allowed to watch. Then, the guards decided to randomly shift the prisoners around and placed the \u201cgood\u201d prisoners back in with the \u201cbad\u201d prisoners, and some of the bad prisoners were selected to enjoy the privileges of the good cell. The purpose of this tactic was to get the prisoners to direct their aggression toward each other and away from the guards. These authoritarian tactics and the psychological abuse sustained by the prisoners had a profound effect, and the prisoners became convinced that they were not free to leave. Zimbardo himself even began to feel as though his role and the situation were real when a fellow researcher questioned what his independent variable was and his response was anger at the question, because he \u201chad a prison break on his hands.\u201d In the end, the experiment was called off after only six days.<\/p>\n
Reference<\/p>\n
Zimbardo, P. G. (1999).\u00a0Stanford prison experiment. Retrieved from https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20000621024753\/http:\/\/www.prisonexp.org\/slide-27.htm<\/p>\n
What Went Wrong?<\/p>\n
\u201cGender Is Learned\u201d Research Study<\/p>\n
A research study done by Dr. John Money introduced the concept that gender is learned. In this study, unnecessary sexual reassignment surgery was performed on a male infant who had experienced a severely botched circumcision. The psychologist, Dr. Money, told the family that gender identity is primarily learned, and was a proponent of the theory of gender neutrality, in which gender identity is developed as a result of social learning and could be changed. A factor in this experiment was that the baby had a male twin, making it possible for Money to have a control. Eventually, after years of psychological struggle and emotional angst, the boy was informed of what had happened. The child decided to resume life as a male, but he committed suicide at age 38.<\/p>\n
Reference<\/p>\n
BBC Science & Nature. (2014, September 17).\u00a0Dr. Money and the boy with no penis. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sn\/tvradio\/programmes\/horizon\/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml<\/p>\n
What Went Wrong?<\/p>\n
\u201cBehavioral Study of Obedience\u201d Research Study<\/p>\n
Another research study was conducted by Stanley Milgram. His study sought to understand how and why individuals are willing to obey individuals in an authoritative role. Participants and actors were recruited to participate in this experiment, with the actors playing the role of the learner and the volunteers playing the role of the teacher. The teachers thought they were participating in a study looking to examine the effect of physical punishment on learning. The teacher would tell the learner a series of paired words, and when the learner got any of the paired words incorrect, the teacher was supposed to administer an electrical shock. Neither participant could see one another, but they could hear one another.<\/p>\n
No actual shock was delivered, but the teacher did not know this, and they would hear screams, stomping, banging, and other sounds of pain each time a \u201cshock\u201d was delivered. The learner would intentionally get the word pair incorrect from time to time, and each time the electrical shock was supposedly increased. The highest shock, 450 volts, would have been lethal if actually administered. The teachers would occasionally stop to question whether they should continue, and the researchers would response with four prods to try and get them to continue. Those prods were: \u201cPlease continue,\u201d \u201cThe experiment requires that you continue,\u201d \u201cIt is absolutely essential that you continue,\u201d and \u201cYou have no other choice; you must go on.\u201d In the first round of the experiment, 65% of the teachers administered the lethal shock. Subsequent rounds produced ranges from 28% to 91%.<\/p>\n
Reference<\/p>\n
Milgram, S. (1963).\u00a0Behavioral study of obedience. Retrieved from https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1964-03472-001<\/p>\n
What went wrong?<\/p>\n
Specifically, the following rubric criteria must be addressed:<\/p>\n
Describe what went wrong in the Stanford Prison Experiment and what could have been done to avoid this situation in the first place. Use references to support your recommendation.<\/p>\n
Describe what went wrong in the \u201cGender Is Learned\u201d research study and what could have been done to avoid this situation in the first place. Use references to support your recommendation.<\/p>\n
Describe what went wrong in the \u201cBehavioral Study of Obedience\u201d research study and what could have been done to avoid this situation in the first place. Use references to support your recommendation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In this assignment, you will look at examples of research projects where the results were tainted and evaluate why things were able to go wrong. Prompt In this assignment, you will review summaries of actual research studies. For each research study, consider what went wrong and what could have been done to avoid the situation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[10],"class_list":["post-106681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-paper-writing","tag-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106681"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106681\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106681"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=106681"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=106681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}