{"id":1139,"date":"2020-04-12T17:29:13","date_gmt":"2020-04-12T17:29:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/?p=1139"},"modified":"2020-04-12T17:29:18","modified_gmt":"2020-04-12T17:29:18","slug":"local-planned-urban-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/2020\/04\/12\/local-planned-urban-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Local Planned Urban Development"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Elements\nof comprehensive planning in managerial systems<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comprehensive\nplanning is often related to the prosperity of many communities in the economic\nperspective since it is associated with the future growth of a local community (Archer,\n1997). Comprehensive plans\u2019 contents are usually authorized and determined by\nthe local authorities in some states while in others it is normally up to the\nenabling legislation. However, even though the comprehensive plans are unique,\nthere are various general elements that are addressed in comprehensive planning\n(Archer, 1997).Notably, the elements of comprehensive planning are: existing\nconditions, implementation strategies, the future land-use map and the goals\nand objectives of a community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existing Conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Economy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nelement of comprehensive planning reveals the economic conditions of a community\nand outlines the most basic means by which the people in the area use to earn\ntheir living. In addition, it helps in the identification of the businesses and\nindustries that are necessary in a particular community (Archer, 1997). The\nsources of this information is usually from features that include levels of\neducation and people\u2019s occupations, the rates of unemployment, the places of\nemployment, the rates of community tax and their debts as well as their per\ncapita income. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demographics <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nelement facilitates the process of identifying the population of a community\nusing factors such as race, age, gender, and the total number of households\namong others. ( Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp, 2009). This element also contains\nthe projections for the population in the future which is usually based on the trends\nin the current demographics. The analysis of demographics and the population\nprojections are critical in planning as other elements of the plan are\ndependent on the projection of the population fond in this phase. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Existing land uses<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nelement uses maps to describe the patterns of current developments that include\nthe locations of   the major land use classifications that\ninclude (commercial, residential, agricultural, public and industrial uses that\nare deemed to be of great concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transportation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nelement reviews the usage of the roadways that are existent, the existence and\nthe utilization of rail lines, airports, transit services and trails and\nfacilitates the projection of the future volumes which will be based on the\npatterns of development (Margerum, 2002). The element also enhances assessment\nof the physical current condition of these transport systems. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Environmental conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nsection describes the community\u2019s primary environmental resources that include\nthe climate conditions, the slopes, types of oils, water and mineral resources,\nwetlands, special geologic features and watersheds (Perry, 2004). This\ninformation is important in identifying the areas that are appropriate for\nprojected development and those should be protected from development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Public facilities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nelement makes it possible for the analysis of public facilities that facilitate\nthe easier connectivity of the community. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Housing <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 The\nhousing element is integral in identifying a variety of issues concerned with\nhousing such as the current conditions and the numbers of the stock of the\nhouses that are existing, the current home prices and the vacancy rates among\nothers(Perry, 2004). It also enables the assessment of the future housing needs\nwhich are based on the demographic projections. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goals and Objectives<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ncommunity goals and objectives are a critical consideration in comprehensive\nplanning since they are express directly what the community desires (Forrester,\nCambridge & Cinderby,1999). Notably, given that the citizens are the major\nbeneficiaries of planning, they ought to be involved extensively in the\nidentification of these goals and objectives. Additionally, these goals and\nobjectives provide the direction in which the community wishes and as such they\nought to be precise and direct to the point. \n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implementation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nelement acts as the plan of action in that its contents are explicit in regards\nto the steps that are necessary and those that will lead to the achievement of\nthe goals and objectives of the local community. It includes the identification\nof who\u2019s, when, what and how much is required in the accomplishment of the\ngoals (Perry, 2004). The legislative function adopts it and uses it as a work\nplan which enables the policies and resolution adoption in addition to\nallocating resources that are necessary in the implementation of the goals and\nobjectives of the plan. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Future Land \u2013Use Map<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This\nillustrates the future desired land use locations, classifications, designs and\ndensities in both the areas that are already developed and those that are\nprojected for growth (Forrester, Cambridge & Cinderby,1999).  The map is usually developed on based on the\npopulation projection of the community in addition to the housing and\nemployment needs, the environmental considerations and the approximate costs of\nthe provision of infrastructure to the community. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Role of Planning In Growth\nManagement<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planning\nis integral in growth management given its ability to shape development in all\nthe regions of the country in addition to enhancing that all developments do\nnot pose threats to the populations, the economy and the environment\n(Forrester, Cambridge & Cinderby,1999). While planning for the processes that\nwill lead to growth of a community, identification of the reasons that motivate\nplanning for the communities is essential. The emphasis on the link between the\neconomic development, the quality of life and the land use planning as a\nmeasure to enable the sustainability of the of the economy and the environment\nis an important  aspect in planning and\nrequires the planners to be explicit in the values they are trying to drive in\nthe whole process of planning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nplanning it is important to embrace and rely on collaborative approaches in\norder to engage all stakeholders in a rational way which will enhance a broader\ncomprehension of the issues. Collaboration in planning will also enhance the\nbest way to allow the accommodation of the interests and needs of people in the\nlocal community who are the beneficiaries of the projected development (\nBaycan-Levent & Nijkamp, 2009). In addition, fostering regional connections\nin planning to that will enhance growth management is important since planning\nis a process as opposed to being a product that is going to be produced.  Therefore by involving techniques associated\nwith visualization to link the present to the future is an integral part of\nplanning. Moreover, by embracing strategies that enable monitoring and evaluation\ninto implementing the plan contributes to greater efficiencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planning\nenhances that resources are properly coordinated in all the regions according\nto their needs, a factor that will contribute to even growth and development\nthat suits the people of the local communities (Perry, 2004). Planning ensures\nthat any projected development that will ultimately contribute to the growth of\nthe community is in the public interest and weighs up its environmental, social\nand economic advantages and disadvantages. In addition, it helps in making sure\nthat the places that people live in and work are vibrant, attractive and\nproperly designed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\nplanning system facilitates the proposed development to support restructuring\nthat responds to the local communities\u2019 housing needs in that they will be\naffordable as well as suiting their varied (Zhu, 2009). It also aims to ensure\nthat all the views of the relevant stakeholders in the community are considered\nand they are able to point out the types of the projected development that can\npotentially cause harm to the environment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Application of the Strategic\nPlanning to Public Issue Decision Making<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strategic\nplanning involves the deliberations around the most essential issues of ends\nand means, decisions and actions. Given its ability to link the process of\nplanning and implementation of plans, it has been widely adopted by many\norganizations that range from public to private (Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp,\n2009).  Additionally, the process\ninvolves a myriad of approaches that enhance it to be more orderly and increase\nthe chances of recognizing and addressing the most pertinent issues in the\ncommunity and will also allow a more participatory approach in the entire\nprocess. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\napplying strategic planning in any forum, it is vital for the groups involved\nor the task forces to be prepared and organized at all times to deal with the\nspecific strategic issues as well as the implementation of these strategies\nwhile giving special focus and attention to the groups that seem\nunderrepresented(Zhu, 2009). The process of strategic planning involves many\npeople and groups and the implementation phase relies more on consent as\nopposed to authority thus making it a time consuming endeavor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nthe application of the process to issues concerning public decision making, it\nis vital to make sure that the end result of the plans comply with the\ncommunity\u2019s comprehensive plan and the strategies required to implement that\nplan (Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp, 2009). The individuals that take part in the\nprocesses of planning are integral in that they provide the much needed\nconnection between the processes of strategic planning and the decision making\nmechanisms. In addition, there are a myriad of processes that are involved in\npublic issue decision making that relate to strategic planning that include the\ndetermination of the elements that ought to be in the process and the\nstakeholder analysis that will enable the identification of the people that\nwill be involved in the process. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\naddition, in the process of strategic planning, it is essential to ensure that\nthe goals and the objectives of the community are clarified as well as\nassessing both internal and external environments of the community (Zhu, 2009).\nThe process will involve the identification and a comprehensive analysis of the\nissues that are affecting the community which is based on the potential effects\nof the projected developments and will enable the assessment of the possible\nstrategies for addressing these challenges in an effective manner. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore,\nstrategic management involves the assessment of the feasibility strategies that\napplies the use of a rational criterion in the development and the\nimplementation of the plans that are related to the changes that the community\ndesires (Zhu, 2009). Another phase that is involved in strategic planning is\nthe evaluation, monitoring and making regular updates to the plan should there\nbe any developing information in addition to reassessing the strategies and the\nwhole process of strategic planning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

There\nare a myriad of factors that area associated with the success process of\nstrategic planning in public decision making which include the involvement of\ndifferent kinds of leadership such as the sponsors, champions and groups that\nwill facilitate the yielding of positive results (Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp,\n2009). Involving such kind of leadership enables the utilization of the\nauthority and resources as well as enhancing the public motivation and energizes\nparticipants which are vital for strategic planning. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\naddition, broad participation can improve the process in terms of giving some\nof the stakeholders a sense of ownership and commitment and can also include\nthe different perspectives from various people which can improve the analysis\nand ultimately the implementation of the a plan. Knowledge and input from\ndifferent professionals enriches the process leading to positive results of the\nlocal community\u2019s plans (Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp, 2009). Integrating\nstrategic planning with other strategic management practices have potential\nbenefits in that it will improve decision making regarding planning in addition\nto improving the overall performance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other\npractices such as the effective management of the information technology, human\nresources and budgeting among others are associated with the successful\nimplementation of the process and performance improvement (Forrester, Cambridge\n& Cinderby,1999). Strategic management has been lauded for the myriad of\nbenefits that are associated with its application in a variety of settings. For\ninstance, it has been associated with high performance outcomes, efficiency and\neffectiveness. It has also been associated with facilitating the achievement of\npublic values such as transparency, accountability and social justice among\nothers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Local Planning Decision Analysis <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Planning decisions are usually made on the basis of the national and\nlocal policy and the local policies are set out in the local plan which lays\nthe ground of the rules which are used to judge the planning applications\n( Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp, 2009). In most cities, the local plan is an\nintegral element in assisting the development, in that it gives a guide and\ndirection of the projected development and it provides a written statement and\npolicy that enables the fulfilling of comprehensive planning. The local plan\nalso shows the explicit contents of development in that the local authority can\nguide the urban area effectively. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In\nmost cities, the local planning decisions are dependent on aspects such as the\nlocal plan, the development control and the local authorities (Forrester,\nCambridge & Cinderby,1999).For instance, the city of Arlington in Texas has\neffectively applied the local plan as an essential instrument in the control of\ndevelopment and as a tool that assesses the development of the local area. In\nthis case, the contents and form of the local plan includes the maps, diagram\nand illustrations that are prepared to scale and clearly show in maps the land\nuse implications of the policies and the number of facilities projections that\nare in accordance to the capacity of the population among other factors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

 In addition, it contains the proposed map that\nindicates the areas that area concerned with the improvement of the existing\nconditions and the potential areas of development. Additionally, the written\nstatement is part of the local plan which conforms to the structures plan and\ncontains the rationale behind the formulated proposals(Forrester, Cambridge\n& Cinderby,1999). The hierarchy development plans in the city of Arlington consists\nof the state structure plan that includes the policy and proposed use of the\nland that is in accordance with the state\u2019s planning authority, the local plan\nand the special area plan that contains the details of the planning in the\nlocal area. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planning Issues in the local Planning\nDecision Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            <\/strong>There\nare a myriad of planning issues that arise and inhibit the effective\nimplementation of the proposed local plan some with some being not within the\njurisdiction of the state ( Baycan-Levent & Nijkamp, 2009).Some of theissues include;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Lack of effective coordination of plans\namong neighboring jurisdictions<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    The initial planning\nsystem did not ensure that the local plans between and among adjacent cities\nand county borders were not compatible (Margerum, 2002). In particular\ninstances where the patterns of land use change over time and become\nincompatible, adjacent cities tend to crop up in closeness to each other. To\naddress such a problem, the regional councils ought to be more active in facilitating\nthe coordination of the decisions pertaining planning in the neighboring\ncommunities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. The effects of the national planning\nlaws<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Despite the\nrequirements by the state for reach local government to conduct an evaluation\nreport for the purposes of reviewing, it does not require the local plans to be\namended in order to capture the alterations to suit the rising infrastructural\nand service needs for the local community (Zhu, 2009). There is need for the state\nplans laws to provide a provision for the regular amendment of the local plans\nto enhance the evolvement of the planning processes as well as making better\nlocal plans. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Approval of the private utilities<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        The process of\napproving the private utilities fails to consider the provisions of the local\nplan since it is not regulated by the local authorities and thus they serve\nbeyond the areas that are covered in the local plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. Lack of plan compliance incentives<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Incentives that would\nfacilitate plan compliances are effective and cheaper as opposed to costs of\nthe legal procedures for lack of compliance (Hanke, 2005). Therefore, it would\nbe prudent for the local authorities to make plans and come up with ways to\nmotivate people to comply with the local plan for an effective city\ntransformation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          • Lack of oversight to ensure effective\nimplementation of the local plan<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Notably, unless the\nprocess of reviewing regulations that are related to land use and development\nare initiated by a civilian, the relevant authorities do not conduct regular\nreviews. In addition, the process of issuing the permits of development that\nenhance compliance with the local plan is not thorough and as such the civilians\nare burdened with the task of enforcing these crucial duties (Hanke, 2005).\nGiven that the process of challenging the local authorities on the failure to\nenhance adherence to comprehensive planning is costly and time consuming, they\nare not always in a position to initiate such noble tasks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

            • Pre-platted homes<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              The exemption of the\nalready platted and sold homes from the rules that applied to development prior\nto the growth management legislation has in a significant way affected the\nplanning process in the city (Zhu, 2009). Therefore, during planning the\nrequirements of planning did not consider those parts of the state which\ncomprised of large tracts of land. In case the present planning laws are\napplied, such areas would serve as perfect place for new development due to the\nincreased population that has come with new demands for development. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

              • Plans for pace of growth<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                According to the local\nauthorities, the pace for growth in the cities could not match that of the\nrural areas and as such the plans to develop the rural areas were not required\nto reach a higher level of precision (Perry, 2004). However, the increased in\npopulation coupled with the demands and pressures to grow, such places have\nbeen faced with challenges of accommodating the new community demands for new\ndevelopments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                In\naddition to the planning issues that concern the local authorities, there are\nother planning issues that arise during the process of planning application by\nindividual citizens or groups. For instance, in the process of compiling a\nplanning application, the issue of obtaining an environmental statement\nconsumes most of the time for an applicant and they may opt for the\nintervention of third parties who may render the application inconsistent (Hanke,\n2005). Most of the challenges arise in describing the development as well as\nthe development parameter which may prompt an applicant to engage a variety of experts\nwho in offering varying input that ultimately lead to delays and rewriting of\nthe reports. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Elements of comprehensive planning in managerial systems Comprehensive planning is often related to the prosperity of many communities in the economic perspective since it is associated with the future growth of a local community (Archer, 1997). Comprehensive plans\u2019 contents are usually authorized and determined by the local authorities in some states while in others it […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-paper-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1139"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1140,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions\/1140"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}