{"id":1241,"date":"2020-04-14T08:37:02","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T08:37:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/?p=1241"},"modified":"2020-04-14T08:37:07","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T08:37:07","slug":"annotated-bibliography-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/2020\/04\/14\/annotated-bibliography-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Annotated Bibliography"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cigler, B. A. (2017). The US floods: The necessity of mitigation. State and Local Government Review, 49(2), 127-139.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cigler (2017) investigates the causes and types of flood events in the U.S. and outlines the associated social and economic costs. He notes that the U.S. government has shifted more responsibilities to local authorities due to the growing burden of disaster management to taxpayers. Consequently, he identifies the various mitigation strategies available to local authorities. Due to the increased involvement of locals in the process, he outlines some of the roles they play in disaster mitigation and management efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Beverly Cigler has extensive knowledge in disaster and emergency management, having published over 50 articles with Research Gate<\/em>. She provides background information, challenges, and solutions that the U.S. has applied, to provide a comprehensive article on the subject. Her arguments are strongly supported by specific examples of strategies implemented by various states in the country. She also recognizes the role of the community in the process of disaster management. As such, the article provides a holistic analysis of disaster management. Furthermore, the article is relatively current having been published in 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Cigler (2017), successful flood mitigation plans must recognize the importance of collaborations, capacity building, and good management techniques. She also notes that to build resilience, mitigation efforts must be implemented both at individual and community levels. The major limitation is the failure to provide examples of how the suggested mitigation processes have been implemented successfully by other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            The article is relevant to my research as it provides specific examples of the current flood disaster management measures applied by different states in the U.S. It will be useful in building the literature background of previous and current disaster management efforts that the local and national governments have implemented. Additionally, this information will help answer the second research question since Cigler not only identify specific measures available but also ascertains their cost implications and limitations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doocy, S., Daniels, A., Murray, S., & Kirsch, T. D. (2013). The human impact of floods: a historical review of events 1980-2009 and systematic literature review. PLoS Currents<\/em>, 5.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Doocy, Daniels, Murray, and Kirsch (2013) analyzed various historical databases to review floods that occurred between 1980 to 2009. They also conducted a systematic literature review of publications published before October 2012. They used descriptive statistics tools such as bivariate tests and multinomial logistic relapse to analyze the associations, mortality, and flood characteristics. the researchers noted inconsistent reporting, which suggested that the information obtained regarding populations affected and the impact was understated.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to Doocy et, al. (2013), drowning was the major cause of flood-related mortality.  In developed countries, men reported high mortality rates than their female counterparts. Whereas in developing, the female gender had higher mortality rates. The researchers concluded that enhanced monitoring of floods as well as an improved communication process between relevant disaster management authorities and vulnerable populations, enhanced the mitigation process, thus significantly reducing the mortality rate from flood events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This paper is among the few studies that have reviewed the mortality, injury, and displacement impact of natural disasters globally. The researchers used a systematic review focusing only on injury, mortality, and displacement, thereby providing a uniform criterion for analysis. However, the methodology used is limited by the gross aggregations and approximations of government reports on disasters faced which increases imprecision of the findings. Additionally, due to the bilk of literature, it was difficult for the researchers to perform a quality in-depth review of all articles assessed. Furthermore, the researchers only used English publications, thus limiting coverage. However, the findings that flood mortality varies by level of severity of the event, economic development, and region, are consistent with current literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The steady rise of human populations has altered patterns of land use and increased vulnerability of populations to floods. The objectives of Doocy et, al. (2013) were to describe the impact of floods on human populations as well as identify risk factors associated with the outcomes. Their findings are significant in understanding the risks posed by flood events, which is essential in proposing measures that will minimize the vulnerability of communities and reduce the various impacts of floods. The research is relevant to my current study as it answers the first research question. It includes a review of events from other countries, hence provides a comparative assessment on the subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The University of Maryland, Center for Disaster Resilience, and Texas A&M University, Galveston Campus, Center for Texas Beaches and Shores. The Growing Threat of Urban Flooding: A National Challenge. 2018. College Park: A. James Clark School of Engineering. p.1-44<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is an extensive national report on the extent and implication of floods to the urban American population. The report provides various conclusions including the fact that urban flooding is becoming a source of significant economic loss, housing inequality, and social disruption. The researchers also note that there is no agency to provide overall oversight at the federal level in matters related to urban flood management activities. Furthermore, they note that most Americans in vulnerable areas and the public officials are unaware of the social and economic impacts of urban flooding. Also, the public in affected regions are not just ignorant of measures they can implement to significantly reduce the vulnerability of their properties, but also lack the support and resources required to perform such actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The report is compiled by a joint research group from the University of Maryland and Texas A&M University. The researchers have provided an extensive report on the social and economic impact of urban flooding as well as the government efforts or lack thereof that contributes to the growing concern. It is an articulate report that is easy to understand. The results suggest the reasons why the phenomenon is still growing despite its huge economic and social impacts. For instance, the researchers note that although professionals at local levels understand the challenges of climate change to urban flooding, those at the national level may not be aware of such implications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It identified policy challenges that have derailed the creation of a joint national urban flooding mitigation plan. As a result, it recommends the need for a joint convention of Congress, non-governmental organizations, public, representatives of state and local governments to develop a suite of actions and identify oversight body in charge of coordinating national and local efforts. The report is relevant to my proposed study as it provides information useful in answering both the research question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wahl, T., Jain, S., Bender, J., Meyers, S. D., & Luther, M. E. (2015). Increasing risk of compound flooding from storm surge and rainfall for major US cities. Nature Climate Change, 5(12), 1093-1097.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Wahl, Jain, Bender, Meyers, and Luther (2015) determined the potential of joint occurrence of storm surge and heavy precipitation for the contiguous United States (US). Their aim was to demonstrate the importance of investigating compound flooding in a non-stationary framework to climate and weather forecasts. They found that cities in the Atlantic\/Gulf coast had a relatively higher risk of compound flooding compared to the ones on the Pacific coast. The researchers also found that events of storm surge and heavy precipitation have increased significantly in major US coastal cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The risk of floods on the American coastline is a well-documented fact. Almost 40% of the American population living around the coastal areas. Moreover, the U.S. relies heavily relies on economic activities and natural resources in these regions. As such. Disaster preparedness focused on coastal regions is essential in providing long-term resilience. Therefore, the findings Wahl et, al. (2015) are essential in identifying the correct disaster preparedness approach. Since it is a relatively new area of study, the researchers provide a new way of understanding the cause and prevalence of floods in American coastlines. However, more studies need to investigate the potential of similar components affecting coastlines along Europe as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The article is relevant to the current study since understanding the probability of these compound events occurring as well as the processes driving them is essential in estimating the associated high-impact risks. As a result, it provides knowledge about the potential threats flooding in the U.S. presents and why coastal states are largely affected. Unlike the other studies, this article provides a meteorological explanation for the cause of floods in coastal U.S. cities. It highlights a gap in which the current study can investigate further.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cigler, B. A. (2017). The US floods: The necessity of mitigation. State and Local Government Review, 49(2), 127-139. Cigler (2017) investigates the causes and types of flood events in the U.S. and outlines the associated social and economic costs. He notes that the U.S. government has shifted more responsibilities to local authorities due to the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-paper-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1241"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1242,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1241\/revisions\/1242"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}