IntroductionIntroduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information. For example: \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indicate why this is an issue or topic worth researching;\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomenaNote: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Research Question or Research HypothesisWhat is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research HypothesisThere are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.Examples of non-testable questions are:\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How do managers feel about reorganization?\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?Respondents’ answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer one or more testable research questions. Nearly all testable research questions begin with one of the following two phrases:\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is there a significant difference between …?\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is there a significant relationship between …? For example:\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is there a significant relationship between the age of managers and their attitudes towards reorganization?A research hypothesis is a testable statement of opinion. It is created from the research question by replacing the words “Is there” with the words “There is,” and also replacing the question mark with a period. The hypotheses for the two sample research questions would be:\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There is a significant relationship between the age of managers and their attitudes towards reorganization. It is not possible to test a hypothesis directly. Instead, you must turn the hypothesis into a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is created from the hypothesis by adding the words “no” or “not” to the statement. For example, the null hypotheses for the two examples would be:\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There is no significant relationship between the age of managers and their attitudes towards reorganization.\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There is no significant difference between white and minority residents with respect to what they feel are the most important problems facing the community.All statistical testing is done on the null hypothesis…never the hypothesis. The result of a statistical test will enable you to either:1) reject the null hypothesis, or2) fail to reject the null hypothesis. Never use the words “accept the null hypothesis.” *Source: StatPac for Windows Tutorial. (2017). User’s Guide; Formulating Hypotheses from Research Questions. Retrieved May 17, 2019 from https:\/\/statpac.com\/manual\/index.htm?turl=formulatinghypothesesfromresearchquestions.htmWhat does significance really mean?\u201cSignificance is a statistical term that tells how sure you are that a difference or relationship exists.\u00a0 To say that a significant difference or relationship exists only tells half the story.\u00a0 We might be very sure that a relationship exists, but is it a strong, moderate, or weak relationship?\u00a0 After finding a significant relationship, it is important to evaluate its strength.\u00a0 Significant relationships can be strong or weak.\u00a0 Significant differences can be large or small.\u00a0 It just depends on your sample size.To determine whether the observed difference is statistically significant, we look at two outputs of our statistical test:P-value: The primary output of statistical tests is the p-value (probability value). It indicates the probability of observing the difference if no difference exists. The p-value from above example, 0.9926, indicates that we DO NOT expect to see a meaningless (random) difference of 5% or more in \u2018hospital beds\u2019 only about 993 times in 1000 there is no difference (0.9926*1000=992.6 ~ 993).Note: This is an example from the week1 exercise. The p-value from above example, 0.0001, indicates that we\u2019d expect to see a meaningless (random) \u2018number of the employees on payer\u2019 difference of 5% or more only about 0.1 times in 1000 (0.0001 * 1000=0.1). CI around Difference: A confidence interval around a difference that does not cross zero also indicates statistical significance. The graph below shows the 95% confidence interval around the difference between hospital beds in 2011 and 2012 (CI: [-40.82 ; 40.44]): CI around Difference: A confidence interval around a difference that does not cross zero also indicates statistical significance. The graph below shows the 95% confidence interval around the difference between hospital beds in 2011 and 2012 (CI: [-382.16 ; 125.53]): The boundaries of this confidence interval around the difference also provide a way to see what the upper [40.44] and lower bounds [-40.82].As a summary:\u201cStatistically significant means a result is unlikely due to chance.”The p-value is the probability of obtaining the difference we saw from a sample (or a larger one) if there really isn\u2019t a difference for all users.Statistical significance doesn\u2019t mean practical significance. Only by considering context can we determine whether a difference is practically significant; that is, whether it requires action.The confidence interval around the difference also indicates statistical significance if the interval does not cross zero. It also provides likely boundaries for any improvement to aide in determining if a difference really is noteworthy.With large sample sizes, you\u2019re virtually certain to see statistically significant results, in such situations, it\u2019s important to interpret the size of the difference\u201d(“Measuring U”, 2019).*ResourceMeasuring U. (2019). Statistically significant. Retrieved May 17, 2019 from: https:\/\/measuringu.com\/statistically-significant\/Small sample sizes often do not yield statistical significance; when they do, the differences themselves tend also to be practically significant; that is, meaningful enough to warrant action.3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Research MethodDiscuss the Research Methodology (in general). Describe the variable or variables that were analyzed. Identify the statistical test you selected to analyze these data and explain why you chose this test.\u00a0 Summarize your statistical alternative hypothesis. This section includes the following sub-sections:a)Description of the DatasetExample:\u00a0 The primary source of data will be HOSPITAL COMPARE MEDICARE DATA (citation). This dataset provides information on hospital characteristics, such as: Number of staffed beds, ownership, system membership, staffing by nurses and non-clinical staff, teaching status, percentage of discharge for Medicare and Medicaid patients, and information regarding the availability of specialty and high-tech services, as well as Electronic Medical Record (EMR) use (Describe dataset in 2-3 lines, Google the dataset and find the related website to find more information about the data).Also, describe the sample size; for example, \u201cThe writer used Medicare data-2013, this data includes 3000 observations for all of the hospitals in the US.\u201db)Description of the VariablesNext, review the database you selected and select a variable or variables that are a \u201cbest-fit.\u201d\u00a0 That is, choose a variable that quantitatively measures the concept or concepts articulated in your research question or hypothesis. Return to your previously stated Research Question or Hypothesis and evaluate it considering the variables you have selected. (See the sample Table 1).Table 1. List of variables used for the analysisVariable\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Definition\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Descriptionof code\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Source\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YearTotal Hospital Beds\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Total facility beds set up and staffedat the end of the reporting period\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Numeric\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MN Data\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2013\u2026.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2026..\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Source: UMGC, 2019 ***Just in time information:To cite a dataset, you can go with two approaches:First, look at the note in the dataset for example;Medicare National Data by County. (2012). Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, A Second, use the online citation, for example:Zare, H., (2019, May). MN Hospital Report Data. Data posted in University of Maryland University College HMGT 400 online classroom, archived at: http:\/\/campus.umgc.eduSee two examples describing the variables from Minnesota Data:Table 2. Definition of variables used in the analysisVariable\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Definition\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Descriptionof code\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Source\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yearhospital_beds\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Total facility beds set up and staffedat the end of the reporting period\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Numeric\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MN data\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2013year\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 FY\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Categorical\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MN data\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2013\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Source: UMGC, 2019c)Description of the Research Method for AnalysisFirst, describe the research method as a general (e.g., “a quantitative method\/approach was used” and then explain about this method in about one paragraph. If you have this part in the introduction, you do not need to add here).Then, explain the statistical method you used for your analysis (Refer to content in week 3 on Biostatistics for information on various statistical methods you can choose from).Example:Hypothesis:\u00a0 AZ hospitals are more likely to have lower readmission rates for PN compared to CA.Research Method:\u00a0 To determine whether Arizona hospitals are more likely to have lower readmission rate than California, we used a t-test, to determine whether differences across hospital types are statistically significant (You can change the test depends on your analysis).d)Describe statistical packageAdd one paragraph for the statistical package, e.g., Excel or RStudio. Include level of statistical significance.4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ResultsDiscuss your findings considering the following tips:\u25aa Why you needed to see the distribution of data before any analysis (e.g., check for outliers, finding the best fit test; for example, if the data had not a normal distribution, you can\u2019t use the parametric test, etc., so just add 1 or 2 sentences).\u25aa Did you eliminate outliers? (Please write 1 or 2 sentences, if applicable).\u25aa How many observations did you have in your database and how many for selected variables, report % of missing.\u25aa When you are finished with this, go for the next steps:Present the results of your statistical analysis; include any relevant statistical information (summary tables, including N, mean, std. dev.). Make sure to completely and correctly name all your columns and rows, tables and variables. For this part you could have at least 1-2 tables and 1-2 figures (depending on your variables bar-chart, pi-chart, or scatter-plot), you can use a table like this:Table 3. Descriptive analysis to compare % of BL in Medicare beneficiary, MD vs. VA- 2013Variable\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Obs.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mean\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SD\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P-valuePer of Lipid in MD\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 24\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 83.20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2.32\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.4064 Per of Lipid in VA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 124\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 82.69 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4.41 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Source: UMGC, 2019When you have tables and plots ready, think about your finding and state the statistical conclusion.\u00a0 That is, do the results present evidence in favor or the null hypothesis or evidence that contradicts the null hypothesis?5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conclusion and DiscussionReview your research questions or hypothesis. How has your analysis informed this question or hypothesis?\u00a0 Present your conclusion(s) from the results (presented above) and discuss the meaning of this conclusion(s) considering the research question or hypothesis presented in your introduction.\u00a0 At the end of this section, add one or two sentences and discuss the limitations (including biases) associated with this analysis and any other statements you think are important in understanding the results of this analysis. ReferencesInclude a reference page listing the bibliographic information for all sources cited in this report. This information should be consistent with the requirements specified in the American Psychological Association (APA) format and style guide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
IntroductionIntroduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information. For example: \u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Indicate why this is an issue or topic worth researching;\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomenaNote: Introduction should not be more than […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[10],"class_list":["post-70348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-paper-writing","tag-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70348"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70348\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70348"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70348"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}