7<\/p>\n
Book Chapters Analysis<\/p>\n
Name<\/p>\n
Institution Affiliation<\/p>\n
The first chapter of the book presents the various reasons why human beings have sex. The primary goal of sex is for reproduction, but human beings exhibit other varying reasons. Unlike other mammals that live in solitary, human beings live in nuclear families and bring up their children (Diamond 1998). Chapter 1 of the book revolves around unity among human beings since sexual relations bring a male and a female together to form a nuclear family. Also, sexual relations are a source of fun and personal enjoyment among human beings. The author argues that humans engage in sexual activities even when infertile to have fun and fulfill their sexual desire. Sexual relation has revolutionized human society into developing norms such as monogamy, polygamy, sexual immorality. Therefore, sexual relations have played a significant role in human life development. <\/p>\n
Chapter 2, the Battle of Sexes<\/p>\n
Humans exhibit unique characteristics after copulation; most of them live together to raise their born children. However, most of the animals do not live together and instead do their offspring care naturally selected. For instance, the male Kangaroos have pouches to carry their offspring along (Diamond 1998). Presumably, it is the females that carry out most of the offspring care activities. The author discusses the theme of change in gender roles in human society. In contemporary human society, various laws and legislations have been developed to regulate the gender roles among human beings in terms of child support. A father is likely to be persuaded by a court of law to contribute towards child care and support. While societal institutions play a significant role in defining the different responsibilities among females and males, the author argues that natural selection has played an important role in balancing the responsibilities. Therefore, while human beings exhibit unique responsibilities developed by society for the offspring’s safety, natural selection plays an essential role in protecting the born and unborn child and the fertilized and unfertilized eggs. <\/p>\n
Chapter 3, Why Don’t Men Breas feed their Babies? The Non-Evolution of Male Lactation<\/p>\n
The author furthers his discussion on the theme of the battle of sexes in this chapter. While it was long assumed that only women could take care of infants, sexual equality has significantly reversed the belief. Nowadays, fathers take part in caring for their infants: changing the diapers and cleaning up vomit (Diamond, 1998). However, there has been developed discrimination against those men taking part in helping their wives child care. Albeit the capability of males to perform childcare responsibilities, they cannot breastfeed their younger ones. The author presents why females and not males have the physiological equipment for breastfeeding and not males. The author in this chapter explores the role of male lactation in the themes in the evolution of sexuality. <\/p>\n
Over time, human beings rely on physiological explanations for male lactation: genetics scientifically explains why males do not lactate. However, the author argues that we need to shift our thinking from a physiological basis. According to the author, the environment plays a significant role in revolutionizing roles among males and females. He brings an example of the development in medical technology and evolutionary commitment. Through technology, fertilization has been controlled. Therefore, male non lactation cannot be a sufficient reason why males should not bring up infants. <\/p>\n
Chapter 4: The Evolution of Recreational Sex<\/p>\n
The author is trying to explain why the sexual behavioral patterns of human beings vary compared to that of animals like baboons and chimpanzees. Most animals engage in copulation for a short period around the same time they start ovulating. At the same time, humans have sex without considering whether the partner (woman) is fertile or not. There are several reasons why animals engage in limited copulatory sex, and some include the facts that sex is expensive in terms of time, effort, and there are risks such as death and injuries. Most animals give clear ovulatory signs, and therefore they do not engage in copulatory sex during these periods, but this is not the case with humans (Diamond., 1998). Unlike animals, humans do not show clear ovulatory signs, and thus sex cannot be limited to when they are fertile only. The Daddy-at-home theory and the many fathers’ theory try to understand the difference between concealed ovulation and recreational sex evolution.<\/p>\n
The daddy at home theory explains that concealed ovulation is an effort by women to have the men stay at home and prevent them from having sex with multiple women (Diamond.,1998). If women did advertise their ovulatory period like animals, their male counterparts would only mate with them at this period and go looking for other women who were ovulating and have sex with them. On the other hand, the many fathers’ theory enables women to have many sexual partners, and thus no man would be sure about the child’s paternity. This concealed ovulation ensures men stay at home to have sex with their partner as many times as possible with hopes of fertilizing her and guarding her against other males.<\/p>\n
Chapter 5: The Evolution of Men\u2019s Roles<\/p>\n
Many men in the American community leave their families, and a significant number of men fail to give the agreed child support pay (Diamond.,1998). Also, among the married men, a number devote more time to their activities than they do to their families, and others take more care of themselves than on their family. The primary role of men in society is to provide for their families, as studies of the Ache and Hadza men showed. The men majored in hunting as the only way of providing for their family, while the women were involved in other little ways of delivering food like pounding starch and gathering fruits. The returns of the men were much smaller compared to those of the women, and this can be attributed to the fact that most men did hunt not only to provide but as a way of showing off, in that men had multiple sex partners because of their hunting prowess, and he gains fame. Most men devote their time to providing for their families while women are majorly involved in caring for their children in modern industrial families.<\/p>\n
Chapter 6: The Evolution of Female Menopause<\/p>\n
At around the age of forty years, most human females cannot have children as their fertility declines. It is almost neighing for a female above fifty years to conceive, although some may continue having monthly cycles until this age. Senescence, the ageing of the human female reproductive system, is considered the main reason for this. Above the age of forty years, most body parts in the human body deteriorate, from the immune system to cell division. Although the body unconsciously repairs and maintains itself over the years, it reaches a point where it is difficult to do so. The female body reaches a tradeoff point between making new genes for the ageing body and making new beings (babies). The body balances repair and maximum transmission of genes to babies and thus menopause (Diamond.,1998).<\/p>\n
Chapter 7: The Evolution of Body Signals<\/p>\n
Through natural selection, signals f both humans and animals have evolved over the years. Hair color, female breasts, faces, and the males’ beards are signals related to the human body (Diamond.,1998). Although many challenges inhibit the understanding of human signals, several signals stand out. The body muscle of men tends to be a source of attraction to ladies and other men too. Women tend to accumulate fat in certain parts of the body to signal good nutrition and good milk-producing ability. Human females possess specific arts that act as a signal to their male counterparts interested in those parts.<\/p>\n
Reference<\/p>\n
Diamond, J. M. (1998).\u00a0Why is sex fun?: the evolution of human sexuality. Basic Books. http:\/\/ndl.ethernet.edu.et\/bitstream\/123456789\/5510\/1\/146.pdf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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