History 104: American History, 1865 to the present<\/p>\n
Analysis of Buffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West<\/p>\n
The program outlined the nature of people during the Wild West era and how they sourced liberty from colonialists. The program reveals the nature of the patriotic hearts in their interactions with the colonizers (William F, 1888). The program also introduced the realities of the historical evolution and explained the ideology of the West Americans in the West era. The program tries to explain the facts of different life stories and liberty, ecstasy, and pride for glorious achievements. Buffalo Bill was the last exemplar of the typical frontiersman, a hero in the battle with Indians and an ideal pioneer and representative of life and adventures in the West (William F, 1888). Buffalo Bills demonstrated just estimate of a great character by exercising intrepid courage and sacrifice for peace in the West. The project gives a summative conclusion about western civilization and ideologies and historical facts about the nature of the American West, evolution used during the development of American society. It explains how the West was responsible for critical features in the American culture, like beliefs in individualism, financial mobility, and democracy.<\/p>\n
For the 19th centennial, the western rim represented a chance to start afresh. The boundary in the West provided hope to flourish by dint of individual efforts in the West. This mythology states that the West acted like a magnet that attracted restless young men who set off for the uncorrupted, untamed, and unoccupied land to look for resources (Green, J. 2013). In a real sense, most western settlers traveled in batches of family members or as immigrants. The groups did not settle on occupied territories since the land was already home to American Indians, Chinese, Mexicans, and former colonial slaves (Green, J. 2013). The West being a region of individualism and independence, eventually became an oversimplification. The federal government passed a law to spur homesteading and later fled the American Indians from the area. The government later sponsored a railway road that aided in the growth and development of the West. Although the railway did not attract people to migrate to the West, it created reasons that made people want to settle there (Green, J. 2013). The railroad was a means to bring goods into the market. The railroad also made a living in the West profitable and livable as it helped get goods that people needed, like tools for farming activities. The railway connected the West with modernity, becoming the hallmark of industrialization in the 19th century. <\/p>\n
Many states almost went bankrupt due to financing the railway; hence deployed a constitution that helped balance the budget. On the other hand, the federal government used a different method to finance the railway in the West. The government-led military expeditions against the American Indians rounded them up on more minor reservations and leveled their culture (Green, J. 2013). A racial and economic imperative existed to relocate the Native Americans from the West because the Whites wanted the region. The initial plan for the West was erecting a railroad and for farming, but the whites later discovered minerals like gold and iron in the area and proceeded to exploit them. The early western settlement did not induce massive conflicts with Native Americans, but a steady stream of frontiersmen began leading to bloody clashes with time (Green, J. 2013). The war precipitated a violent, contending phase between American Indians and Whites. General Philip demolished the Indians\u2019 way of life by blazing their villages and killing the American Indians basis on their existence. Some Indians adapted to spiritual movements as an attempt to conserve their culture. Ghost dancers believed their dance would make the Whites disappear and bring back their buffalo. The Whites defeated the western Natives despite their efforts, and the more significant number moved to reservations. According to Green J (2013), the government ended a treaty in 1871 that led to allocating Native American land to individuals rather than groups. Indians adopted civilization and were granted citizenship and protection of their land from falling into Native Americans’ hands. Despite the measures put, Indians lost many acres of land to the Whites.<\/p>\n
Cowboys were men who distanced themselves from industrialization. Cowboys used to herd large groups of cattle across the western regions. Despite cowboys standing apart from industrializations, they relied on the railway to trade their livestock products, basically meat. Through the railway, cowboys got the advantage of industrial meat processing, which generated a massive beef market. By the mid-1880s, open ranching ended as ranchers enclosed more land and set up businesses near the railway stations. <\/p>\n
Analysis of The Reconstruction Era of the Ku Klux Klan<\/p>\n
The main idea of the article revolves around the traditional performances during the reconstruction era of the Ku Klux Klan (Parsons, 2005, p. 811). The thesis in the article focuses on describing the contemporary cultures and institutions during the era (Parsons, 2005, p. 812, para 1). The reader acquires accurate knowledge of the purpose identified performances aimed to achieve. Information provided by the author allows the audience to relate to the performance contexts and develop a comprehensive understanding of the dances and costumes associated with the performances.<\/p>\n
The key concepts highlighted in the article focus on helping the audiences pay special attention to the challenges experienced by people in the reconstruction era. The challenges include racial discrimination, gender issues, and a rising level of violence. The author supports her argument by explaining the effects of traditional performances on people. The Klansmen used costumes to pass different messages. For instance, women’s clothing was used to reassert challenged manhood, while the minstrel mask highlighted the wearers’ white identity (Parsons, 2005, p. 812, para 1). During the period, Americans experienced social tensions associated with racial inequalities and gender roles. These ideas expose the reader to the cultural elements incorporated in the movement and how they inspired the members to continue their fights. The author tries to disapprove that the Ku Klux Klan had bad intentions and engaged in criminal activities as the movement was widely identified by the use of violence to achieve racial equality. <\/p>\n
Klan members developed antiblack vigilante movements that led wartime guerrilla bands and attacks towards disgruntled white farmers, employers using labor discipline, rapists, sadists, and neighbors showing long-term hatred (Parsons, 2005, p. 816). Parsons disagrees with independent historian Bob Wamble about the early incarnation of the Ku Klux Klan movement. She believes that mobilization of the popular culture had a significant impact on the movement’s spread and the meaning of the Klan’s actions (Parsons, 2005, p. 812, para 1). <\/p>\n
In conclusion, Parson’s argument is convincing and plausible since it implies that culture played an essential role in developing and reconstructing the Ku Klux Klan movement. For instance, the author incorporates the traditional performances and their effects on the people. She elaborates traditional dances and other cultural elements such as gender roles and race and highlights how they were featured in the Klan performances (Parsons, 2005, p. 812, para 1).<\/p>\n
Analysis of There Will Be Blood<\/p>\n
The film describes the story of two ambitious men of 19th-20th Century. Daniel Plainview is a determined man who has bought land with oil underground and does not mind manipulating others to achieve his goals. He intends to buy the surrounding pieces of land though negotiation to open a pipeline industry. On the other hand, Eli Sunday is also an ambitious churchman who sells his land to fund the church. Therefore, in the video “There Will be Blood,” the two main characters conflict because they operate from different principles. <\/p>\n
The film demonstrates historical accuracy in various ways, such as prevailing culture, music, and gender roles. The video captured the transition from the early20th and beyond. Therefore, the prevailing culture alienates the cowboy lifestyle, especially among the rich. In the film, the two conflicting characters are wealthy men who share a lot in common and disagree on several grounds. However, the video classifies them within the accurate historical context by depicting their dress modes. For example, Plainview and his wealthy friends appear in cowboy dresses. Additionally, at 43 minutes of the film, it employed the male-dominated society that has strict differences in gender roles. The deal regarding selling the land and the oil well only consisted of three males negotiating prices. The scenario demonstrates that society could not allow women to be present in such critical meetings. Moreover, the video played classical music associated with the chosen historical timeline. Such music was popular in the early to mid-20th Century. Thus, the movie presented historical accuracy. <\/p>\n
The filmmaker’s main agenda delved into revealing the similarities between the religious and circular people. At 44 minutes of the film, Plainview is a secular man with worldly ambitions, while Eli is a religious individual with heavenly hopes. However, the filmmaker developed the story to demonstrate that the two men had similar spirits ruling their lives. Thus, the video illustrated that both men were hungry for power and gain. The producer also expressed values such as the transition from traditional to modern America. The video demonstrated how society changed from the conservative Christian mentality to a liberal ideology of materialism and capitalism. People were breaking away from the scarcity mentality to the abundance lifestyle by acquiring wealth to lead a free life. <\/p>\n
In conclusion, the two main characters presented in the “There Will be Blood” movie represent the continuing conflict between conservative Christian Americans and greedy liberal individuals. The conservative Christians hide behind the religious gab to facilitate their secrete greed. However, the liberals employ every means to achieve their greedy goals. Therefore, the video enabled me to see the transition in society that transpired in the late 1980s. The transition has affected society up to date. <\/p>\n
Analysis of Social Phenomena in the 1920s<\/p>\n
The 1920s was a period that was accompanied by a variety of social and cultural changes and flappers. In Page (1922), the author describes the female as wearing bright clothing, loving automobiles, and attending events such as proms and hops. Crowther (1925) showcases how ordinary farmers\u00a0started embracing outings and picnics and dressing for events.\u00a0Faulkner (1921) notes jazz music was critical due to its soothing\u00a0feature and was\u00a0amusing and entertaining to the younger generation. The older generation considered jazz music\u00a0harmful. There were significant changes in issues such as sexual morality, gender politics, evolution, alcohol indulgence, race issues, and immigration.\u00a0<\/p>\n
In \u201cMa\u201d Rainey (1928), the music asserts the violence and sexual immorality associated with the period. The persona state that he went out the previous night, and something bad happened to the point of losing the woman she was with. The persona also states that he was with a group of friends showcasing how people enjoyed the party life and freedom in the 1920s.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Louis Armstrong & His Orchestra (1929) showcases the contrast of the majority. The persona in the music is seen to be alone in the house. The persona seems to be a well-mannered conservative female who is preserving her previous culture and waiting for her male counterpart. When other young people are out enjoying life, she is not afraid of defaulting to the new norm and going home alone. <\/p>\n
Parker (1922) portrays the new changes in female dressing and norms. Females are now expressing their freedom; they can dance with a variety of men they want without societal opposition. Hughes (1923) describes the period full of jazz culture. Women are now showcasing their proses through the dressing of shiny clothing and dancing styles. As in “Women’s Dress Patterns (the 1920s)” (1926), the bob style is seen to be in the limelight. Women are also embracing colorful dresses accompanied by accessories such as bracelets and watches. \u00a0In Wyckoff’s (2011) image, women join men in watching football, which was very rare with the older generation. The crowd is also diverse, a mix of various races. <\/p>\n
It is crystal clear that the 1920s was a period of conflict due to cultural and social changes from the sources. People were more into hyped lifestyles such as listening to jazz music, vigorous dancing, and taking alcohol in this period. People are more liberal and modern.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Analysis of From Homosocial to Heterosocial<\/p>\n
Cheap Amusement and leisure practices changed the 19th-century stereotypes from homosocial to heterosocial (Perry, 1986, Ch.4, para.5). Key in the argument is the evidence Perry presents as proof of how young working-class women contributed to bringing a new leisure culture. Peiss is key to explaining how the cheap amusements helped introduce a culture of male-female sexuality and interactions. Reading the historical work helps foster a broader understanding of how gender relations were shaped at that time.<\/p>\n
In support of the argument, Perry set it clear the bottom-up approach contributed in creating the new culture. Scholars arguing against Peiss like Patricia Hilden, believe in the trickle-down approach where they believe the elite women and members in the society played the biggest role in building the heterosocial culture. In support of the presented argument, Peiss presents a couple of shreds of evidence. One of the highly discussed is how the working-class women turned into \u201ctreating\u201d to enable them to afford leisure activities (Perry, 1986, Ch.4, p.24). Treating as presented in the book relates to the activity of women going out with men who used to cater for their expenses in return. This is the primary evidence that Peiss presents to have contributed to the creation of the heterosocial culture. Secondly, Perry has been key to note how the cheap amusements offered the young women an opportunity to meet with male friends. This comes in the contribution of the public entertainment venues and social clubs in shaping the heterosocial culture (Perry, 1986, Ch.4, p.8). The two pieces of evidence support the bottom-up approach rather than the trickle-down as the contribution of the young working-class women contributed to these leisure activities. Through the evidenced processes, young women managed to gain an experience of world leisure in the late 19th and 20th centuries. The process is also considered important as it offered them an opportunity to develop their identity outside their homes through interactions with their peers.<\/p>\n
Peiss\u2019s argument is plausible and convincing. This has been made possible through the well-informed selection of words, sentence composition, length of passages, and pictures used in the literature. The chronologically presented argument makes the literature convincing to the reader. The arguments are interactive enough with examples of today\u2019s leisure activities. For instance, the language and words used to describe the dance floors: \u201cpatrons used to relax and watch dancers\u201d and \u201cthose engaged were filled with joy, pleading for a repeat of the dances (Perry, 1986, Ch.4, p.15) creates a reflection of how fascinating the leisure was.<\/p>\n
Analysis of Within Our Gates<\/p>\n
Created in 1920 and directed by Oscar Micheaux,\u00a0\u201cWithin Our Gates\u201d\u00a0is an American silent film that focuses on showcasing the existing racial profiling in the United States during the early twentieth century. It offers a firsthand experience of how things were during the period of the great migration of the blacks that led to the emergence of the “New Negro.” The film has been created to respond to\u00a0The Birth of a Nation\u00a0which presents whites seeking protection from blood-thirsty blacks.\u00a0\u201cWithin the gate\u201dcentral theme is\u00a0racism where blacks could be lynched for wrongdoings.<\/p>\n
The film has been presented in four main parts that vividly support the theme of racism against blacks. It opens up with a love triangle involving Sylvia an African American, who is engaged to Conrad, but Alma, Sylvia’s cousin, also wants him. Sylvia had gone to visit Alma in the North while waiting for the return of her love Conrad so they could marry [00:01:20- 00:09:46]. During the waiting, Larry, Alma’s stepbrother, tries to woo Sylvia but is rejected. Larry ended up killing a professional gambler placing Sylvia in a compromising situation. Conrad, on his return, starts strangling Sylvia but is stopped by Alma [00:09:47- 00:15:14]. Heartbroken, Sylvia returns to the South and secures a job at a school dedicated to assisting unprivileged black children. The school is overcrowded and on the verge of getting closed [00:16:05-00:19:00]. Voluntarily Sylvia decides to return to the North to raise some money for the school. In Boston, her purse is stolen, and Dr. Vivian assists in recovering it from the thief. An engagement with the black doctor later reveals her own mixed-race and family’s past [00:27:31-00:32:12]. Sylvia elopes towards the North after Larry tries to blackmail her into stealing school money on his behalf. A poor black family later adopts her- the Landry’s who managed to educate her. Landry is later wrongfully accused of murdering Gridlestone, a white landlord [00:53:04-00:59:16]. This led to the mobbing of the Landry family by the\u00a0whites. Sylvia managed to escape but was chased by Gridlestone’s brother, who almost raped her but saw a scar on her breast. He noticed Sylvia was his mixed-race daughter born through his marriage with a black woman through the scar. Sylvia is later encouraged to love her country, and the film ends with a marriage between her and Dr. Vivian.<\/p>\n
Evident from the film is the portrayal of violence under white supremacy. Black people with Landry’s family as an example are lynched for wrong accusations and being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The blacks are presented as slaves and poor people in society. To emotionally connect with the audience, the filmmaker creates character situations that are relatable and generate sympathy. For instance, every audience in the movie must have developed sympathy for Vivian and the Landry family.<\/p>\n
Analysis of American Hero Comics<\/p>\n
This analysis is based on primary comic sources that depict social and cultural changes in American history from 1939-1970. This period generally defines progressive changes in social and cultural values. In 1939 a culture of employee exploitation and discrimination was evident (Superman #1, 1930s, p.4). Concerns for human rights, including the criminalized gay rights (Superman #1, 1930s, p. 5), were high. Societal institutions abused power, including the police (Superman #1, 1930s, p. 6). Besides, a culture of individualism (Superman #1, 1930s, p.13) is evident, with few individuals striving to achieve what was best for American society.<\/p>\n
1942 had a greater emphasis on a peaceful culture. The US adopted a defense culture due to fears of possible inversion (Captain America #1, 1940s, p.17). America\u2019s defense culture entrenched her global dominance, hegemony. Scientific experimentation was adopted (Captain America #1, 1940s, p. 19) to transform the security and safety of the US and its ability to subdue the world in case of an inversion. The success of experimentations during these years portrays the extraordinary nature of the US. The captain is always willing to die for the country, which shows a more incredible patriotism culture during the time despite the prevailing fears.<\/p>\n
There was a spirited attempt to safeguard the social and cultural values of justice, freedom, equality, and peace in 1957. The American society fought segregation using nonviolent means expressed through bus boycott (Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, 1950s, p.27). The focus on these values is still evident in 1965, with more concern on patriotism. While the US played a vital reconnaissance role towards establishing global peace in 1957, her responsibility for the safety and security of the American people and property remained primary (Wonder Woman ,1960s#157, p.43). The 1970s showed greater evolution of the US\u2019s cultural and social aspect to emphasize adherence to the rule of more significant concern to the law (Green Lantern #76, 1970s, p. 59) and issues to do with racial discrimination (Green Lantern #76, 1970s, p. 57). There was the use of concerted efforts to rid the US society of cultural and social evils.<\/p>\n
Analysis of The Casablanca<\/p>\n
The Casablanca (1942) movie is centered on Rick, a nightclub owner, discovering his old friend Ilsa and her husband Laszlo’s presence in town. Ilsa expects Rick’s help to flee the country and get away from Germans trailing Laszlo for his famed status as a rebel. In 1942, the movie used pro-American, Pro-democracy, and anti-Germans messages to depict the US as good and the Germans as evil. <\/p>\n
The film used pro-America and pro-democracy propaganda messages to represent the US as salvation contrary to oppressive Germany. This representation aimed at justifying US involvement as one based on the attainment of global peace and justice and not in the solitary aim of safeguarding her interests like in the case of Germany. The movie highly demonized the Germans alongside their government. This demonization aimed to pit Germany against the rest of the world by depicting her actions as motivated by selfish interests. The demonization of the Third Reich, for instance, is evidenced in the claim by one character alluding to Germans having “outlawed miracles\u201d (Casablanca, 1942). Also, the inversion of Bulgaria by Germans was described as “the devil having people by the throat” to portray Germany as the enemy. The inherent celebration of the US is evidenced when she is referred to as the savior for the “imprisoned” Europe (Casablanca, 1942). This is well portrayed right from the voiceover at the start of the movie that reinforced the role of America in aiding the “imprisoned” Europe. The US was described as having the goodwill of freeing individuals under oppressive government regimes. Laszlo acknowledges his happiness for leading a Great Movement which will free oppressed individuals to go to the US to emphasize the demonization of Germans as the enemy of equitable global progress. <\/p>\n
The film made availed attempt through subtle propaganda to motivate pro-intervention attitude and emotions. The United States-France alliance was, for example, depicted through the friendship between Rick and Renault. The movie channeled various Pro-French propaganda into solidifying the US-France alliance and encouraging desirable action by the United States against a common enemy, Germans. To enforce the alliance narrative, while anti-Italian propagandist messages were evidenced in the movie, Italians were not presented as evil but rather comically. A good example is the rebuffing of Tonelli, an Italian soldier by Major Strasser in Casablanca. The comical portrayal of Italians by the US helped to steer the propaganda that Mussolini’s dictatorship was weaker than that of the common enemy, Hitler. Again, this shows a robust propagandist approach to alienate the Germans from the rest of the world. The involvement of the character of Sam (a black pianist) in the movie also won the support of the African-Americans. <\/p>\n
The Casablanca (1942) movie dramatically contributes to my understanding that the US history during the 1941 period was focused on a propagandist approach to subduing her enemies and attaining global support. Indeed, the Casablanca movie depicts scenes where the US was exemplified while the Germans and the Third Reich were demonized. Therefore, the Casablanca movie achieved its goal of influencing positive perceptions of the US and degrading Germany’s public image through propaganda. The movie’s success is evidenced by the global praise and supports the US received for its involvement in World War II. As a result, not shocking that the official entry of the US to World War II received much domestic and global praise as a necessary noble move by the US to promote global order and peace.<\/p>\n
Analysis of Deconstruct Geopolitical Narratives<\/p>\n
The author is determined to deconstruct geopolitical narratives through a focus on nation and nationhood. A country defines by its geographical boundaries and a collection of individuals with a common identity. Dittmer (Dittmer, 2005, p.626) affirms that while hegemony is crucial in determining a nation, it is not definite as there is room for antagonistic cultural expressions. <\/p>\n
The author argues that the concept of nation and nationhood goes beyond a common identity, considering there is room for contrasting views and perspectives. In essence, Dittmer bases this assertion on Gramsci’s idea of hegemony. The continuity espoused in the perception of nation and nationhood allows for the development of antagonistic cultural expressions. The author uses Captain America to support the changing nature of cultural identity. Notably, the characters present opposing views regarding what it means to be an American. The author affirms that Captain America is considered an American superhero who represents both the idealized and realistic America. Essentially, the use of Captain America allows Dittmer to elaborate on a territorial symbol, which is an abstraction of the concerned geopolitical unit (Dittmer, 2005, p.627).<\/p>\n
Dittmer argues against a static perception of nation and nationhood as presented by various scholars. The use of Captain America allows Dittmer to support the ideology that the proper understanding of the American identity is only possible when one factor in territorial symbols. In essence, these symbolic images, including World Trade Centre and the Pentagon, indicate the nation’s progress and modernity. Accordingly, these images pave the way for territorial bonding among Americans and the construction of a “dominant American geopolitical narrative” (Dittmer, 2005, p. 641). This assertion is a departure from Gramsci’s concept of antagonistic cultural expressions as espoused in a hegemony.<\/p>\n
The article provides crucial insights on post 9\/11geopolitics. Dittmer’s argument on the centrality of symbolic landscapes as the primary identifiers of national identity is plausible and convincing. In essence, the bombing of the World Trade Center in the infamous 9\/11 attack depicts their importance in the geopolitics discourse. The two landscapes represent American identity that cannot be altered or denied as inherent and undeniable.<\/p>\n
Analysis of The Big Short<\/p>\n
\u201cThe Big Short\u201d depicting how few financial sector experts recognized the rise of the real estate bubble before the 2008 economic catastrophe. These experts made a fortune after the housing bubble burst. The film provides a fascinating look into the inner workings of the world’s largest investment banks and the events that culminated in the global financial crisis of 2008, which left millions of people without homes. The movie’s main characters are Jared Vennett, an executive at Deutsche Bank; Michael Burry, Hedge account administrator at Scion Capital; Charlie Geller & Jamie Shipley, Initiators at Brownfield Capital; Mark Baum, Hedge fund Manager at FrontPoint Partners; and Ben Rickert, a retired trader. Therefore, this paper aims at providing a critical analysis of the Big Short film.<\/p>\n
Consequently, millions of people have lost their jobs. Others have been displaced due to the financial and economic crisis in the United States alone and a large amount of money in consumer wealth. That said, the global economic catastrophe has engulfed the entire planet. In addition, the unemployment rate increased, economies worldwide slowed, and international trade declined in value [0:07:50-0:15:32].<\/p>\n
Throughout the film, many businesses were neither objective nor ethical. Fraudulent action characterizes as deceitful, dishonest, or fraudulent conduct. Wall Street businesses were unethical for not checking on mortgage payments [0:40-00-0:55:32]. The companies offered high ratings to securities that merited lower ratings shows this. Rating agencies offered better ratings to financial institutions than they needed to have because they feared losing business if they did not [1:35: 12-1:47:39]. They were being dishonest and careless, which is fraud. Wall Street companies bundled hundreds of mortgages into one security and marketed it to stockholders and commercial, financial firms [1:20:24-1:30:21]. These mortgages are regarded as secure reserves since proprietors seldom default on their mortgages [0:19:25- 0:20:38]. Because mortgage bankers gave too much money to people who couldn’t afford their mortgage, too many risky mortgage loans were put into the securities basket [0: 03:34-0:04:32]. This demonstrates the avarice of many mortgage lenders and real estate agents on Wall Street. These companies offered loans without assessing whether borrowers could afford them.<\/p>\n
Unplanned torts are founded on carelessness, which is penalized under civil law. The affliction of emotional anguish is an intentional tort. In this video, mortgage brokers are deemed negligent for offering loans without ensuring that the borrowers could pay them back [1:35: 12-1:47:39]. Negligent means not taking due care. The film depicted the mortgage brokers as irresponsible yet comfortable in their conduct.<\/p>\n
In my perspective, corporations should constantly communicate ethics, morality, and values to their employees rather than relying on the government to do so. Although I don\u2019t believe further restrictions should be established, firms and rating organizations should be more cautious when lending money to people and ensure they can afford it. Regulators forced mortgage brokers to provide loans to people who couldn’t afford them, causing the market to crash. Operations take longer and cost more when the government is involved. However, government regulation encourages ethical conduct since it limits company competitiveness. Therefore, I believe that the government should not be interested in this business. Things can become more expensive, confusing, and take longer when the government gets involved too much. As a result, workers might have a purpose in mind while lending money.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
History 104: American History, 1865 to the present Analysis of Buffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West The program outlined the nature of people during the Wild West era and how they sourced liberty from colonialists. The program reveals the nature of the patriotic hearts in their interactions with the colonizers (William F, 1888). The program also introduced […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[10],"class_list":["post-91628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-paper-writing","tag-writing"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91628"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/91628\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=91628"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/papersspot.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=91628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}