Question 12 ptsAccording to your text, the concept of capacity refers to government’s ability to respond to change, manage conflict, andGroup of answer choicesallocate fiscal resources.operate proactively.foster transparency.make decisions efficiently and responsively. Flag question: Question 2Question 22 ptsAccording to your text, what defines the U.S. federal system?Group of answer choicescapacity and conflictinterdependence and autonomyintervention and intrusioncooperation and conflict Flag question: Question 3Question 32 ptsUnfunded mandates imposed by federal legislationGroup of answer choiceswere once a source of considerable irritation to the states but the Unfunded Mandate Act passed by Congress now provides ample federal funds to cover mandates.have eased the tension between the federal government and the states.are welcomed by the states because they provide much needed guidance.often create a financial burden for states. Flag question: Question 4Question 42 ptsFiscal stress refers toGroup of answer choicesthe pressures states and local governments face regarding interstate conflicts.the pressures states and local governments face regarding interjurisdictional problems.the pressures created when revenues are greater than expenditures.the pressures created when expenditures are greater than revenues. Flag question: Question 5Question 52 ptsDaniel Elazar’s three distinct political cultures areGroup of answer choicesmoralistic, individualistic, and cosmopolitan.moralistic, traditionalistic, and individualistic.moralistic, traditionalistic, and frontier.moralistic, individualistic, and postmodern. Flag question: Question 6Question 62 ptsIn a unitary system of government,Group of answer choicespower is divided among all levels of government.the central government is weak and the subgovernments are powerful.power is dispersed to the subgovernments in the constitution.subgovernments exercise only those powers granted by the central government. Flag question: Question 7Question 72 ptsThe Great Compromise adopted by the Framers of the Constitution involvedGroup of answer choicesadoption of a bicameral legislature with one house in which members were selected on the basis of population, and one house in which the states were equally represented.increasing the powers of the central government.the procedures by which the Constitution would be ratified.resolving disputes between the states and the central government by means of an independent judiciary. Flag question: Question 8Question 82 ptsEnumerated powers in the U.S. Constitution areGroup of answer choicessynonymous with implied powers.numerous, but checked greatly by the Ninth Amendment.powers that are expressly given to the national government.powers that are expressly given to local governments. Flag question: Question 9Question 92 ptsMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) enhanced the power of the national government by establishingGroup of answer choicesMaryland’s right to tax the national bank located in that state.that the federal government could not establish a national bank.that the Constitution contained implied as well as enumerated powers.that Congress had the right to lend money through the Second National Bank of the United States. Flag question: Question 10Question 102 ptsThe Marshall Court’s ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) involvedGroup of answer choicesCongress’s power to regulate interstate commerce.establishing implied powers to the national government.Congress’s right to levy an income tax.the right of the federal government to renew the charter for the national bank. Flag question: Question 11Question 112 ptsThe Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution contains theGroup of answer choicesnecessary and proper clause.due process and equal protection clauses.general welfare clause.state sovereignty clause. Flag question: Question 12Question 122 ptsDual federalism is a term used to describe a circumstance in whichGroup of answer choicesnational and state governments are sovereign and equal within their constitutionally allocated spheres of authority.the metaphor of a marble cake best represents the relationship between levels of government.the term nation-centered federalism best describes the allocation of authority.the state governments, having called the original Constitutional Convention, may agree to nullify federal acts. Flag question: Question 13Question 132 ptsCreative federalism is a term used to describeGroup of answer choicesthe social welfare programs of President Roosevelt.the efforts of President Reagan to turn programs back to the states.the Great Society programs of President Johnson.the social justice programs of President Kennedy. Flag question: Question 14Question 142 ptsAn intergovernmental transfer of funds or other assets, subject to conditions, is known asGroup of answer choicesgeneral revenue sharing.a grant-in-aid.a federal mandate.set-asides. Flag question: Question 15Question 152 ptsBlock grants areGroup of answer choicesbroader in focus than categorical grants.not as flexible as categorical grants.used by the recipient for a narrowly defined purpose.narrower in focus than categorical grants. Flag question: Question 16Question 162 ptsState constitutions represent the fundamental law of the state. As a result,Group of answer choicesthey are supreme in only those matters specifically delegated to the state in the U.S. Constitution.they must mirror the federal Constitution in their design and purpose.only the federal Constitution and statutes have priority over the state’s constitution.when an issue arises between the state and the national government, the state constitution prevails. Flag question: Question 17Question 172 ptsIn the U.S. system of dual constitutionalism,Group of answer choicesthe U.S. Constitution is not limited in matters pertaining to the states.the various state constitutions and the national Constitution stand equal in questions of law.the state constitutions are supreme.the national government has supremacy within those spheres of authority delegated to it in the U.S. Constitution. Flag question: Question 18Question 182 ptsThe state constitutions of the original thirteen states were mainly rooted inGroup of answer choicestheir colonial charters.the Magna Carta.the U.S. Constitution.the Articles of Confederation. Flag question: Question 19Question 192 ptsTo circumvent the right to vote given to African Americans under the Fifteenth Amendment (1870), southern states employed the “white primary” to limit the political influence of blacks. In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the Supreme CourtGroup of answer choicesoutlawed white primaries.held that poll taxes and literacy tests were constitutional.held that poll watchers and registrars must be dispatched by the U.S. Justice Department to nine southern states and parts of seven others.ruled that the primaries were a matter for party control and could not be regulated by government. Flag question: Question 20Question 202 ptsThe Voting Rights Act of 1965 has been modified toGroup of answer choicesensure that physical intimidation is not allowed.limit the use of “white primaries.”make illegal any government action that discourages minority voting.extend the vote to illegal immigrants. Flag question: Question 21Question 212 ptsVoter turnout is higher for electionsGroup of answer choicesheld at the state and local level.when attention is focused on only one race.held in off years.held during presidential elections. Flag question: Question 22Question 222 ptsTo this day, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 requires that counties covered under the Act submit any changes in election laws to the U.S. Department of Justice. These counties are located mainly inGroup of answer choicessouthern states.western states.midwestern states.northern states. Flag question: Question 23Question 232 ptsThe National Voter Registration Act of 1993 enables voters to registerGroup of answer choiceson the day of the actual election.when they apply for a driver’s license, welfare benefits, or unemployment compensation.at the Post Office.by mail or electronic mail (e-mail). Flag question: Question 24Question 242 ptsA closed primary is one in whichGroup of answer choicesvoters may choose either party ballot in secret.registered voters may vote in either party primary, but the primary is closed to those not registered.voters must be registered with their party affiliation in order to vote in their party’s primary.registered voters with party affiliation may vote in either primary, but the election is closed to independents. Flag question: Question 25Question 252 ptsThe term residual votes refers toGroup of answer choicesthe number of ballots that cannot be counted because the voter was not properly registered.the number of absentee ballots that are mailed in after the postmark deadline.the number of votes that cannot be counted because the ballots contain voting errors.any “lost” or uncounted votes. Flag question: Question 26Question 262 ptsBlanket primaries, where citizens can vote in the primaries of both parties on a single primary ballot,Group of answer choicesare used only in California and Washington.have replaced “closed primaries” in many states.are used in twenty-one states.were struck down by the federal courts in the early 2000s. Flag question: Question 27Question 272 ptsNonpartisan elections, often used at the local level, remove the political party identification of the candidates and are intended toGroup of answer choicesbring about greater cooperation where politicized city council elections had previously been in use.increase citizen participation in elections.depoliticize jobs that deal with government functions considered to be non-ideological.increase representation in government among lower socioeconomic groups. Flag question: Question 28Question 282 ptsNonpartisan political organizations that endorse and promote a line-up of candidates are referred to asGroup of answer choicesslating groups.line-up groups.impartial groups.neutral position groups. Flag question: Question 29Question 292 ptsInterest group membershipGroup of answer choicesis limited to those with business interests.is a legitimate way for citizens to communicate their preferences to government and/or seek benefits offered by the group.ensures that narrow, selfish interests will prevail in our society, particularly as the number of interest groups increase.is limited to those who seek some political end. Flag question: Question 30Question 302 ptsIn most states where political parties are strong, interest group influence tends to beGroup of answer choicesnonexistent.overwhelming, given the symbiotic relationship of interest groups with parties.equally strong.weak. Flag question: Question 31Question 312 pts“Direct action” as a means of influencing local government is most often carried out byGroup of answer choicesaffluent neighborhood groups who do not have time for lobbying.neighborhood groups and others lacking money but possessing enthusiasm, in order to attract attention to an issue or cause.all groups as the first option available in their arsenal of tactics by which to influence decision makers.local lobbyists who have little expertise in influencing city or county council members. Flag question: Question 32Question 322 ptsInterest groups with the most political clout tend to haveGroup of answer choicesmore political cohesiveness as a group.diverse members with differing ideologies.strong enemies in other interest groups.abandoned the use of lobbyists in favor of direct action. Flag question: Question 33Question 332 ptsThe most important commodity that lobbyists can provide legislators isGroup of answer choicesinformation on the issues under consideration.money to buy public policy through corrupt and illegal activities.personal favors.their presence in committee hearings, where they monitor debates. Flag question: Question 34Question 342 ptsGrassroots lobbying involvesGroup of answer choicesincreasing the amount of time the lobbyist spends on the golf course developing a personal relationship with a legislator.lobbyists positioning themselves to greet legislators on the steps and lawn of the capitol.orchestration of public support in the form of letters, faxes, and telephone calls.increasing the number of lobbyists in the state capitol. Flag question: Question 35Question 352 ptsPolitical action committees (PACs) grew out ofGroup of answer choicesan effort to discourage public involvement and participation in politics.laws that made direct political contributions by corporations and labor unions illegal.a desire to weaken the role of political parties.a concern over the rising influence of interest groups. Flag question: Question 36Question 362 ptsGroups that spend money to influence the outcome of elections but do not contribute directly to candidates are calledGroup of answer choicespolitical consulting groups.soft money interest groups.527 groups.political action committees. Flag question: Question 37Question 372 ptsWhat 1976 U.S. Supreme Court case held that governments could not limit a person’s right to spend money in order to spread his or her particular political views in political campaigns?Group of answer choicesBuckley v. ValeoRoe v. WadeSouth Carolina v. BakerUnited States v. Buckley Flag question: Question 38Question 382 ptsLegislatures engage in three principal functions, namelyGroup of answer choicespolicymaking, oversight, and representation.representation, constituent service, and policymaking.enacting laws, allocating funds, and oversight.policymaking, auditing, and control of regulatory activities. Flag question: Question 39Question 392 ptsA legislator is engaging in what type of constituency service when he or she provides legislative assistance on behalf of a constituent, usually with the bureaucracy?Group of answer choicesoversightarbitrationcaseworkrepresentation Flag question: Question 40Question 402 ptsWhich is the only state to have a unicameral legislature?Group of answer choicesOklahomaNebraskaUtahRhode Island Flag question: Question 41Question 412 ptsState legislative terms for senators areGroup of answer choicesfour years for most states, but two years in about one-quarter of the states.six years, as in the U.S. Senate.six years in most states, but four years in some.four years in all but one state. Flag question: Question 42Question 422 ptsMost state legislatures are made up largely ofGroup of answer choicessmall business owners.lawyers.teachers and professional educators.professional, full-time legislators. Flag question: Question 43Question 432 ptsSkewed allocation of legislative districts that violate the “one person, one vote” ideal is referred to asGroup of answer choicesreapportionment.segmentation.malapportionment.gerrymandering. Flag question: Question 44Question 442 ptsThe result of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964) was the ideaGroup of answer choicesof “one person, one vote,” which prevented redistricting for political purposes.of “one person, one vote,” which led to the redistricting of legislative seats based on equity.that legislatures were to be more responsive to state problems and therefore to meet for a minimum of four months a year.of placing controls on lobbyists who otherwise disrupted the business of the legislatures. Flag question: Question 45Question 452 ptsGerrymandering isGroup of answer choicesthe practice of drawing voting district lines creatively to serve partisan purposes.a new term created by Chief Justice Earl Warren in Reynolds v. Sims (1964).a salamander that was humorously elected to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1812.the science of drawing voting district lines to meet the demands of the court ruling in Baker v. Carr (1962). Flag question: Question 46Question 462 ptsModernization of state legislatures led to changes in the compensation of legislators, andGroup of answer choicesthe rate is now established by governors in most states.federal courts now set standards mandating comparable pay for comparable work.the rate may be set by the state constitution, by legislators themselves, or by the work of advisory committees.the rate is now established in the state constitutions. Flag question: Question 47Question 472 ptsIn Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled thatGroup of answer choicesreliance on partisan considerations is an appropriate redistricting option.states must include minority districts to ensure minority representation.race cannot be considered in drawing districts maps.North Carolina had failed to include enough minority districts to pass court scrutiny. Flag question: Question 48Question 482 ptsA legislator who functions as a conduit for constituency opinion is acting as aGroup of answer choicesCaseworker.delegate.trustee.politico. Flag question: Question 49Question 492 ptsThe legislative vetoGroup of answer choicesis a powerful oversight power but has been threatened by court rulings in many states because it violates the separation-of-powers doctrine.is a powerful oversight power by which legislatures control budgetary allocations to state agencies.is the legislature’s only influence over agency implementation of a policy.is rapidly gaining popularity in all of the states. Flag question: Question 50Question 502 ptsSunset legislationGroup of answer choicesexists only in western states and in Florida.exists in all fifty states and sets automatic expiration dates for specified agencies.exists in only a few states and overturns a state agency’s rules or regulations.exists in half the states and sets automatic expiration dates for specified agencies unless favorable reviews extend their lives.