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Fire Resistance of Building Materials
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Number and Name
Instructor’s Name
Due Date
Fire Resistance of Building Materials
Assignment 3a – Annotated Bibliography
Sakthivel, A. & Kandasamy, J. (2018). A Case Study on Investigation of Fire Accident Analysis in Cotton Mills.
This journal article by Aravind Raj Sakthivel and Jayakrishna Kandasamy is also one of the informative articles related to the concept of fire at the workplace. More specifically, this case study centers on investigating fire incidents in cotton mills and how they could be controlled effectively. In other words, the journal is more centered on evaluating the causes of fire accidents in cotton mills and how these causes could be prevented to avoid such occurrences. Fire is a major danger that exists in all process areas of the manufacturing sector. Static electricity, overheating, human mistake, the environment, and the breakdown of electrical components in machines are some of the primary causes of fire. According to data from the National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB), the number of individuals who died as a result of stumpage is greater than the number of people who died as a result of a fire mishap. The samples are assessed using the hypothesis test and the T-test. The location of the fire emergency door is determined by the results of the t-test and the computation of the evacuation time. From a personal point of view, I found this journal more important while writing my research since it identifies the significant causes of fire incidents at the workplace. Also, this article was relevant in explaining how these causes could be controlled accordingly.
Akhimien, N. & A.J., Isiwele & M.O., Adamolekun. (2017). Fire safety. 4. 63-79.
This article by Noah Akhimien, Isiwele A.J., and Adamolekun is one of the most informative articles chosen for this particular research. The report, which was published in the year 2017, is primarily centered on a study focused on examining fire safety measures and their viability in buildings. Therefore, the article’s primal thematic context centers on evaluating and reviewing the various safety measures that could be implemented to assist in mitigating or preventing the occurrence of fire incidents. I found this article more helpful, especially while evaluating some of the most proactive strategies to consider while reducing fire incidents in the workplace.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of fire safety measures in buildings and the feasibility of such measures in real-world situations. The necessary steps are technological. Buildings should be constructed so that people may safely exit on their own in the event of a fire. On the other hand, case studies indicate that residents are often found to be unable to leave in time and, as a result, undermine the precautionary steps needed to prevent or escape a fire. It was decided to use event assessments and real-life experiments, such as unannounced evacuation exercises, as the research approach. Researchers have been slow to make use of virtual reality’s potential for researching human behavior in flames. However, because test subjects can be exposed to the phenomenon of fire safely in virtual environments, and because data was also gathered from books, magazines, journals, and related articles, the application of a behavioral assessment and research tool in virtual reality is expected to be a valuable supplement to the existing research methods.
Sultan, M. (2015). Fire Resistance of Wood Truss Floor Assemblies. Fire Technology, 51(6), 1371–1399. https://doi-org.libproxy.eku.edu/10.1007/s10694-012-0311-8
This article examines the variables influencing the fire resistance performance of lightweight wood frame unconstrained floor assemblies covered with Type X gypsum board ceiling coatings. On full-scale load-bearing wood joist floor assemblies, twenty-two fire resistance tests were conducted, utilizing the ULC standard fire exposure time-temperature curve, comparable to the ASTM E119 standard. The effects of gypsum board screws spacing from board edges, insulation installation, insulation type, joist spacing for assemblies with gypsum board attached to resilient channels, joist depth, resilient channel installation, resilient channel spacing, sub-floor topping, number of sub-floor layers, and load magnitude are all investigated in this study. The effect of these factors on the fire resistance of wood joist frame floor assemblies is examined in detail. With only one layer of gypsum board, the fire resistance of wood-frame floors appears primarily determined by the gypsum board screw spacing from the board edges and the type of insulation. With two layers of gypsum board, it seems to be mainly determined by the resilient channel spacing and the gypsum board screw spacing from the board edges (see Figure 1). The effects of other parameters in assemblies with two layers of gypsum board, such as the joist spacing where the gypsum boards are attached to resilient channels, the installation of resilient channels, insulation installation, insulation type, adding gypcrete topping above the sub-floor, and the number of sub-floor layers, on fire resistance are relatively insignificant.
Gu, L., & Kodur, V. (2011). Role of Insulation Effectiveness on Fire Resistance of Steel Structures under Extreme Loading Events. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 25(4), 277–286. https://doi-org.libproxy.eku.edu/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000172
This journal article is also one of the informative articles related to the concept of fire at the workplace. More specifically, the authors of this article, Gu and Kodur, illustrates the effectiveness of fire insulation applied to steel structures. They further explains that the fire insulation applied to steel structures has a significant impact on the system’s fire resistance. Insulation materials, on the other hand, are vulnerable to harm when subjected to severe stress conditions. A current state-of-the-art review on the effect of insulation deterioration on the fire resistance of steel buildings is given. The results of parametric simulations on a six-story steel-framed building were used to demonstrate the impact of insulation degradation on the fire behavior of a steel structure. Realistic fire situations, loads, and failure criteria were all considered throughout the study. According to the analysis findings, the amount of insulation loss, the kind of fire scenario, and the level of lateral stress all have a substantial impact on the fire resistance of a steel-framed building. Damage to insulation accelerates the degradation of the structural response of framed structures when the combined effects of fire and lateral stress are applied. The need to account for any insulation damage during severe loading events in the fire design of steel-framed buildings is emphasized, and a performance-based design approach that incorporates fire resistance analysis is described.
Kaledin, V., Mitkevich, A., & Strakhov, V. (2012). Numerical estimation of fire resistance and a flexible design of fire protection for structures made of reinforced materials. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 48(3), 313–324. https://doi-org.libproxy.eku.edu/10.1007/s11029-012-9278-2
The fundamental concepts of a progressive technique for estimating the fire resistance of reinforced structures, intended for application to high-rise, multifunctional, and one-of-a-kind buildings, are discussed. The approach is universal in that it applies to all materials, all kinds of building structures with fire protection, and the various force and heat loads that operate on them when a fire occurs. It enables one to consider all of the specifics of the thermomechanical behavior of structures when heat and force loads are acting in concert. High-level mathematical models and universal techniques of numerical analysis, such as the finite-element method (FEM) and the finite-difference method (FDM), are used in the solution process (FDM). A mathematical model of a particular beam finite element has been developed to simplify and reduce the labor content of computational algorithms. This model naturally considers the complex structure of buildings, spatial nonuniformity of temperature fields, and the nonlinear behavior of materials. This method enabled us to establish the limitations of applying the well-known approximation approach, which is based on the usage of the notion of “critical temperature,” to estimate fire resistance and the design of fire protection for concrete buildings. The technique has been utilized to create several one-of-a-kind buildings that have been constructed in Moscow.
Assignment 3b – Week 5 Focus Paper
Part 1 – Discuss fire severity and resistance. How are they related? What roles do they play in design?
Fire severity determines the destructive potential of the fire when exposed to specific material. Fire severity is measured in terms of high, medium, or low. High fire resistance means the material not be completely destroyed and will still maintain its design function, while a low fire resistance material will be completely destroyed by the fire (Buchanan, & Abu, 2017). Fire severity is measured based on time of exposure. Fire resistance describes the behavior of building component when under fire, while fire severity describes the destructive potential of the fire. Fire resistance the material’s ability to withstand fire or act as barrier to spread of fire. Fire resistance standards measure the material’s integrity (resistance to flame penetration), stability (resistance to structural collapse), and insulation (resistance to extreme temperatures (Buchanan, & Abu, 2017). The three standards will determine the material’s fire resistance rating.
Fire severity and resistance construction materials can be classified into either fireproof buildings or incombustible buildings depending on the material used for their development. Classification of fore fire severity and resistance structures tends to significantly rely on the fire tests that have been undertaking on these constructions to prove their level of fire resistance. Materials that are used o construction of fire resistive buildings tend to defined by either their degree of incombustibility or their level of combustibility (Brightman, 2018). Fireproof buildings tend to have material which has been used in its construction which is incombustible have been proved to have the adequate ability to withstand combustion of the buildings and its contents to a maximum duration of 4 hours (Brightman, 2018). Furthermore, fireproof buildings which have been integrated with the incombustible material are designed in a manner that it can curb severe fires which may arise or occur in the building. However, an evaluation of these fireproof buildings, fire severity, and fire resistance tend to correlate with the occupancy of these buildings directly.
Part 2 – What is something new and interesting you have learned about a building material this week (either through the lecture, course reading, or annotated biblography assignment)?
In this week, I have learned that that there is effective passive fire prevention approach which includes evaluating the capacity of building materials to prevent the passage of flames. This was a new concept to me since it guarantees that a building receives the appropriate levels of protection in the case of a fire, in accordance with rigorous building and construction standards. When selecting the appropriate fire-resistant material, a variety of variables are considered, ranging from the material’s load-bearing capacities and thermal conductivity to its propensity to decay. In this post, we’ll look at the particular fire-resistance characteristics of several of the most often used construction materials.To select the suitable types of building materials, we need to consider its thermal performance, durability, aesthetics value, and fire resistance. When we used building material that has exceptional thermal mass properties, it will have ability to store heat and then slowly release it.
References
Akhimien, N. & A.J., Isiwele & M.O., Adamolekun. (2017). Fire safety. 4. 63-79.
Brightman, M. (2018). The sketchUp workflow for architecture: modeling buildings, visualizing design, and creating construction documents with SketchUp Pro and LayOut. John Wiley & Sons.
Buchanan, A. H., & Abu, A. K. (2017). Structural design for fire safety. John Wiley & Sons.
Gu, L., & Kodur, V. (2011). Role of Insulation Effectiveness on Fire Resistance of Steel Structures under Extreme Loading Events. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 25(4), 277–286. https://doi-org.libproxy.eku.edu/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000172
Kaledin, V., Mitkevich, A., & Strakhov, V. (2012). Numerical estimation of fire resistance and a flexible design of fire protection for structures made of reinforced materials. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 48(3), 313–324. https://doi-org.libproxy.eku.edu/10.1007/s11029-012-9278-2
Sakthivel, A. & Kandasamy, J. (2018). A Case Study on Investigation of Fire Accident Analysis in Cotton Mills.
Sultan, M. (2015). Fire Resistance of Wood Truss Floor Assemblies. Fire Technology, 51(6), 1371–1399. https://doi-org.libproxy.eku.edu/10.1007/s10694-012-0311-8