SECTION B:
Respond to ALL parts .Please number all responses accurately (e.g., 4a and 4b).
As noted in the instructions, your interpretation must be in APA style.
A researcher was interested in assessing the effect of type of learning on university students’ academic self-efficacy. As such, he recruited 150 students and randomly divided them into three
(3) groups of 50. Over a period of four (4) weeks, students in the first condition experienced face-to-face learning, those in the second condition participated in fully online learning, and students in the third condition underwent blended learning (with a mix of face-to-face and online classes).
After the four (4) weeks, all students completed a 40-item, 5-point Likert scale measuring academic self-efficacy, which was adapted from Gafoor and Ashraf (2007). The scale was computed to create a composite variable, with higher numbers on the scale meaning greater academic self-efficacy among the students. The researcher then entered the data into SPSS.
Firstly, the researcher compared face-to-face and blended learning. He hypothesized that university students who participated in face-to-face learning would have higher academic self-efficacy than those who experienced blended learning. He therefore conducted an appropriate statistical analysis to test his hypothesis. Based on the SPSS tables shown
below, fully interpret the researcher’s results in APA style to determine if his first hypothesis was supported. In your response, be sure to include whether the assumption of
homogeneity of variance was met.
(5 marks)
Type of Learning
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Academic Self-Efficacy
Face-To-Face
50
125.94
32.597
4.610
Blended
50
127.96
32.027
4.529
Levene’s Test
for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Sig. (2-
Mean
Std. Error
Difference
F
Sig.
t
df
tailed)
Difference
Difference
Lower
Upper
Academic
Equal
.026
.871
-.313
98
.755
-2.020
6.463
-14.845
10.805
Self-
variances
Efficacy
assumed
Equal
-.313
97.969
.755
-2.020
6.463
-14.845
10.805
variances
not assumed
QUESTION 4 (B) IS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE
Then, the researcher compared all three types of learning. His second hypothesis was that face-to-face and blended learning would lead to higher academic self-efficacy among
university students when compared to fully online learning. The researcher thus conducted an appropriate statistical test in SPSS. Use his SPSS tables below to fully interpret the
results in APA style and determine whether his second hypothesis was met.
(20 marks)
Academic Self-Efficacy
N
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound
Upper Bound Minimum Maximum
Face-To-Face
50
125.94
32.597
4.610
116.68
135.20
74
193
Online
50
67.74
20.717
2.930
61.85
73.63
42
118
Blended
50
127.96
32.027
4.529
118.86
137.06
64
190
Total
150
107.21
40.161
3.279
100.73
113.69
42
193
Academic Self-Efficacy
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Between Groups
116962.813
2
58481.407
69.691
.000
Within Groups
123356.360
147
839.159
Total
240319.173
149
Dependent Variable: Academic Self-Efficacy Bonferroni
(I) Type of Learning (J) Type of Learning Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound
Face-To-Face
Online
58.200*
5.794
.000
44.17
72.23
Blended
-2.020
5.794
1.000
-16.05
12.01
Online
Face-To-Face
-58.200*
5.794
.000
-72.23
-44.17
Blended
-60.220*
5.794
.000
-74.25
-46.19
Blended
Face-To-Face
2.020
5.794
1.000
-12.01
16.05
Online
60.220*
5.794
.000
46.19
74.25
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.