ASSIGNMENT #2: SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE SEARCH
The saying “Standing on Shoulders of Giants” is a metaphor that captures the essence of scientific discovery and writing. It expresses how truth today is discovered thanks to the discoveries of those that came before us. To write a proper scientific report, you too must stand on the shoulders of giants to understand how your own work fits into what has previously been discovered about the natural world. To do this, you must learn how to do a proper literature search AND how to synthesize their findings into an in-text citation. In-text citations of primary literature are crucial components to both the Introduction and Discussion sections of your reports.
First, write down the scientific name of your selected species in the box below:
Adelie penguins
Adelie penguins
Assignment: You must find 10 articles on the Ecology of your species, list them in the Ecology bibliographic style, and write an in-text citation sentence for each article.
Part 1: The Literature Search
UIC provides a list of databases you can use to find primary research, review, and opinion articles (https://researchguides.uic.edu/az.php). We recommend you use Google Scholar as it is the most user-friendly and yields plenty of Ecology articles (https://scholar.google.com/). Type your species name into the search box. You may find that using other terms, such as the common name, or keywords relevant to the ecology of your species will help you find articles (e.g., I might include “pollination” if I am looking for papers on honeybees). If you find an article you like, you can click “Cited By” to see the articles that have cited that article in the past too! Find 10 articles on the Ecology of your species.
Part 2: The Bibliographic Style
Figure 1: Example of Ecology-style bibliographic citation. Take special note of how the volume is bolded.
Figure 1: Example of Ecology-style bibliographic citation. Take special note of how the volume is bolded.Each scientific journal has its own bibliographic style they require authors follow when they submit articles to the journal. Like these journals, we require you to follow a particular bibliographic style for this class, the Ecology bibliographic style. Look at the example on the right. To get full points, your citations must look like this: “FirstAuthorLastname, FirstAuthorIntials, SecondAuthorInitials, SecondAuthorLastname, and LastAuthorInitials, LastAuthorLastname. Year. Title. Journal Volume:Pages.” On Google Scholar, if you click the quotation marks below the article you can find this information, but in different bibliographic formats. Alternatively, you can find this information in the article itself. List all 10 articles in the Ecology style
In-text citations:
Those who are consistently inept breeders or nonbreeders tend to be the oldest. The Adelie Penguin has a greater yearly mortality rate and a shorter life duration than the Yellow-eyed Penguin, which is likely owing to increased predation pressure (Ainley and DeMaster 1980).
We can expect more changes in the migration patterns of Ross Sea penguins as the sea ice level in the Ross Sea region falls in the near future, as predicted by climate models (Ballard 2010).
Climate innovation, according to this study, is damaging to Adélie penguins. While the specific mechanism for this association is yet unknown, the research focuses on places where climate change is projected to cause a high frequency of inappropriate circumstances in the twenty-first century, while also indicating that some refugia are likely to persist (Cimino et al. 2016).
Between 1989 and 1992, four cohorts of breeding adults from islands destroyed during the construction of the airstrip were marked with flipper bands to study the impact of the airstrip (Jenouvrier et al. 2006).
The fact that ancient DNA has been used to determine the pace of evolution highlights the significance of these unique Adélie penguin bone deposits (Lambert et al. 2002).
The most straightforward use of this type would be to satellite photos of all Adélie penguin colonies and other Antarctic seabirds. Researchers can identify every existing colony and evaluate its number by analyzing VHR photos for the whole coast, which are available in patches from 2004 to 2013, providing vital information for supply removal management (LaRue et al. 2014).
As with all behavioural studies, one must keep in mind that there will always be some lack of impartiality when translating the behavior. This was reduced by recognizing distinct patterns of differences among the various types of behavior. Because it was unable to analyze changes in the intensity of behaviors due to the endeavor to maintain behavior interpretations objective, only frequencies and durations were examined (Rümmler et al. 2016).
According to the hypothesis, once a male finds a breeding territory, it may be beneficial for him to return there in successive years, even if the territory is peripheral. This contradicts the widely held belief that young birds first nest peripherally and then slowly moves toward the colony’s center in later years (Tenaza 1971).
The findings show that the Adélie penguin, a significant Antarctic marine predator, eats jellyfish on occasion, despite the availability of other prey. As a result, jellyfish appear to be a viable alternate prey for this krill-dependent predator (Thiebot et al. 2016).
During foraging visits, seven behavior patterns of penguins were found in this study. Although the present study categorized overall behavior during foraging trips, it may be possible to obtain information to further sub-divide these behaviors, such as jumping on rocks, which is a common action of rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) and which may be of special interest for specific research (Yoda et al. 2002).
References:
Ainley, D.G. and D.P. DeMaster.1980. Survival and Mortality in a Population of Adelie Penguins. Ecology 61:522-530.
Ballard, G., V. Toniolo, D.G. Ainley, C.L. Parkinson, K.R. Arrigo, and P.N. Trathan. 2010. Responding to climate change: Adélie Penguins confront astronomical and ocean boundaries. Ecology 91:2056-2069.
Cimino, M.A., H.J. Lynch, V.S. Saba, and M.J. Oliver. 2016. Projected asymmetric response of Adélie penguins to Antarctic climate change. Scientific Reports 6:28785.
Jenouvrier, S., C. Barbraud, and H. Weimerskirch. 2006. Sea ice affects the population dynamics of Adélie penguins in Terre Adélie. Polar Biology 29:413–423.
Lambert, D. M., P. A. Ritchie, C. D. Millar, B., Holland, A. J. Drummond, and C. Baroni. 2002. Rates of evolution in ancient DNA from Adelie penguins.” Science 295. 5563: 2270-2273.
LaRue, M. A., H. J. Lynch, P.O.B. Lyver, K. Barton, D.G. Ainley, A. Pollard, W.R. Fraser, and G. Ballard. 2014. A method for estimating colony sizes of Adélie penguins using remote sensing imagery. Scientific Reports 37:507–517.
Rümmler, MC., O. Mustafa, J. Maercker, H.U. Peter, and J. Esefeld. 2016. Measuring the influence of unmanned aerial vehicles on Adélie penguins. Polar Biology 39:1329–1334.
Tenaza, R.1971. Behavior and Nesting Success Relative to Nest Location in Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis Adeliae). The Condor 73:81–92.
Thiebot, J.B., K. Ito, T. Raclot, T. Poupart, A. Kato, Y. Ropert-Coudert, and A. Takahashi. 2016. On the significance of Antarctic jellyfish as food for Adélie penguins, as revealed by video loggers. Marine Biology 163:108.
Yoda, K., Y. Naito, K. Sato, A. Takahashi, J. Nishikawa, Y. Ropert-Coudert, M. Kurita, and Y.L. Maho. 2002. A new technique for monitoring the behaviour of free-ranging Adelie penguins. Journal Of Experimental Biology 204:685–690.