A-10
A-10
Appendix:
Nutrition Assessment – Supplemental Information
Anthropometric Measurement Techniques
Table A: Triceps Fatfold Percentiles (Millimeters)
Male
Female
Age
5th
25th
50th
75th
90th
5th
25th
50th
75th
95th
1-1.9
6
8
10
12
16
6
8
10
12
16
2-2.9
6
8
10
12
15
6
9
10
12
16
3-3.9
6
8
10
11
15
7
9
11
12
15
4-4.9
6
8
9
11
14
7
8
10
12
16
5-5.9
6
8
9
11
15
6
8
10
12
18
6-6.9
5
7
8
10
16
6
8
10
12
16
7-7.9
5
7
9
12
17
6
9
11
13
18
8-8.9
5
7
8
10
16
6
9
12
15
24
9-9.9
6
7
10
13
18
8
10
13
16
22
10-10.9
6
8
10
14
21
7
10
12
17
27
11-11.9
6
8
11
16
24
7
10
13
18
28
12-12.9
6
8
11
14
28
8
11
14
18
27
13-13.9
5
7
10
14
26
8
12
15
21
30
14-14.9
4
7
9
14
24
9
13
16
21
28
15-15.9
4
6
8
11
24
8
12
17
21
32
16-16.9
4
6
8
12
22
10
15
18
22
31
17-17.9
5
6
8
12
19
10
13
19
24
37
18-18.9
4
6
9
13
24
10
15
18
22
30
19-24.9
4
7
10
15
22
10
14
18
24
34
25-34.9
5
8
12
16
24
10
16
21
27
37
35-44.9
5
8
12
16
23
12
18
23
29
38
45-54.9
6
8
12
15
25
12
20
25
30
40
55-64.9
5
8
11
14
22
12
20
25
31
38
65-74.9
4
8
11
15
22
12
18
24
29
36
Note: If measurements fall between the percentiles here the percentile can be estimated from information in this table. For example, a measurement of 7 millimeters for a 27-year-old male would be about the 20th percentile.
Source: Adapted from A.R. Prisancho. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle area for assessment of nutritional status. American
Anthropometric Measurement Techniques (Continued)
Table B: Midarm Muscle Circumference Percentiles (Centimeters)
Male
Female
Age
5th
25th
50th
75th
90th
5th
25th
50th
75th
95th
1-1.9
11.0
11.9
12.7
13.5
14.7
10.5
11.7
12.4
13.9
14.3
2-2.9
11.1
12.2
13.0
14.0
15.0
11.1
11.9
12.6
13.3
14.7
3-3.9
11.7
13.1
13.7
14.3
15.3
11.3
12.4
13.2
14.0
15.2
4-4.9
12.3
13.3
14.1
14.8
15.9
11.5
12.8
13.6
14.4
15.7
5-5.9
12.8
14.0
14.7
15.4
16.9
12.5
13.4
14.2
15.1
16.5
6-6.9
13.1
14.2
15.1
16.1
17.7
13.0
13.8
14.5
15.4
17.1
7-7.9
13.7
15.1
16.0
16.8
19.0
12.9
14.2
15.1
16.0
17.6
8-8.9
14.0
15.4
16.2
17.0
18.7
13.8
15.1
16.0
17.1
19.4
9-9.9
15.1
16.1
17.0
18.3
20.2
14.6
15.8
16.7
18.0
19.8
10-10.9
15.6
16.6
18.0
19.1
22.1
14.8
15.9
17.0
18.0
19.7
11-11.9
15.9
17.3
18.3
19.5
23.0
15.0
17.1
18.1
19.6
22.3
12-12.9
16.7
18.2
19.5
21.0
24.1
16.2
18.0
19.1
20.1
22.0
13-13.9
17.2
19.6
21.1
22.6
24.5
16.9
18.3
19.8
21.1
24.0
14-14.9
18.9
21.2
22.3
24.0
26.4
17.4
19.0
20.1
21.6
24.7
15-15.9
19.9
21.8
23.7
25.4
27.2
17.5
18.9
20.2
21.5
24.4
16-16.9
21.3
23.4
24.9
26.9
29.6
17.0
19.0
20.2
21.6
24.9
17-17.9
22.4
24.5
25.8
27.3
31.2
17.4
19.4
20.5
22.1
25.7
18-18.9
22.6
25.2
26.4
28.3
32.4
17.9
19.5
20.2
21.5
24.5
19-24.9
23.8
25.7
27.3
28.9
32.1
18.3
19.9
21.2
22.8
26.4
25-34.9
24.3
26.4
27.9
29.8
32.6
18.6
20.5
21.8
23.6
27.2
35-44.9
24.7
26.9
28.6
30.2
32.7
18.6
20.5
21.8
23.6
27.2
45-54.9
23.9
26.5
28.1
20.0
32.6
18.7
20.6
22.0
23.8
27.4
55-64.9
23.6
26.0
27.8
29.5
32.0
18.7
20.9
22.5
24.4
28.0
65-74.9
22.3
25.1
26.8
28.4
30.6
18.5
20.8
22.5
24.4
27.9
Source: Adapted from A.R. Prisancho. New norms of upper limb fat and muscle area for assessment of nutritional status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 34 (1981):2540-2545.
Above charts taken from Cataldo, CB, DeBruyne, LK, and Whitney, EN. Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.; 1999.
Anthropometric Tables of Reference Values
Table 1: Classification of Body Composition based on BMI (National Institute of Health)
Classification
BMI, kg/m2
Risk
Underweight
< 18.5
< 16 possible eating disorder
Healthy/Acceptable Weight
18.5 to 24.9
Low health risks
Overweight
> 25
Increased risk of disease
Obese (Class I)
> 30
Further increased risk of
disease
Obese (Class II)
> 35
Higher risk of disease
Extremely (Morbidly) Obese (Class III)
> 40
Highest risk of disease
Table 2: Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Male
Female
Risk
> 0.95
> 0.80
Greater risk: obesity-related conditions
Table 3: Waist Circumference
Male
Female
Risk
> 40 in (102 cm)
> 35 in (88 cm)
Independent risk factor for disease when out of
proportion to total body fat; may not be as useful for those 35.
“Apple shape” or “Android” obesity: Weight around the trunk; Fat placed in
abdominal (truncal) region; visceral fat.
Greater risk: obesity-related conditions like cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers.
“Pear shape” or “Gynoid” obesity:
Weight around the hips
Metabolic risks are lower.
Table 4: Frame Size based on Height-to-Wrist Circumference Ratios (r)*
Male
Female
Frame Size
> 10.4
> 11.0
Small
9.6-10.4
10.1-11.0
Medium
< 9.6
< 10.1
Large
* r = height (cm)/wrist circumference (cm)
Anthropometric Tables of Reference Values (Continued)
Table 5: Frame Size based on Height and Elbow Breadth: Medium Frame*
Males Females
Height in 1” Heels
Elbow Breadth
Height in 1” Heels
Elbow Breadth
5’2”-5’3”
2 1/2” – 2 7/8”
4’10”-4’11”
2 1/4” – 2 1/2”
5’4”-5’7”
2 5/8” – 2 7/8”
5’0”-5’3”
2 1/4” – 2 1/2”
5’8”-5’11”
2 3/4” – 3”
5’4”-5’7”
2 3/8” – 2 5/8”
6’0”-6’3”
2 3/4” – 3 1/8”
5’8”-5’11”
2 3/8” – 2 5/8”
6’4”
2 7/8” – 3 1/4”
6’0”
2 1/2 – 2 3/4”
*Small Frame: measurements smaller than the table; Large Frame: measurements larger than the table.
Table 6: Classification of Body Composition based on Percent Body Fat (% Fat)
Males
Age
Ideal (IPF)
Good
Moderate
Overweight
Obese
<19
12
12.5-17.0
17.5-22.0
22.5-27.0
27.5 +
20-29
13
13.5-18.0
18.5-23.0
23.5-28.0
28.5 +
30-39
14
14.5-19.0
19.5-24.0
24.5-29.0
29.5 +
40-49
15
15.5-20.0
20.5-25.0
25.5-30.0
30.5 +
50 +
16
16.5-21.0
21.5-26.0
26.5-31.0
31.5 +
Females
Age
Ideal (IPF)
Good
Moderate
Overweight
Obese
<19
17
17.5-22.0
22.5-27.0
27.5-32.0
32.5 +
20-29
18
18.5-23.0
23.5-28.0
28.5-33.0
33.5 +
30-39
19
19.5-24.0
24.5-29.0
29.5-34.0
34.5 +
40-49
20
20.5-25.0
25.5-30.0
30.5-35.0
35.5 +
50 +
21
21.5-26.0
26.5-31.0
31.5-36.0
36.5 +
Table 7: Weight as an Indicator of Nutrition Status
% Ideal Body Weight
% Usual Body Weight
Nutritional Status
> 120
–
Obese
110-120
–
Overweight
90-109
–
Adequate
80-89
85-95
Mildly undernourished
70-79
75-84
Moderately undernourished
< 70
< 75
Severely undernourished
Anthropometric Tables of Reference Values (Continued)
Table 8: Percent Fat Estimates for Females
Calculated from Suprailium, Thigh, and Triceps Skinfold Thickness
Sum: three skinfolds
Age to the Last Year
Millimeters
< 22
23-27
28-32
33-37
38-42
43-47
48-52
53-57
> 58
23-25
9.7
9.9
10.2
10.4
10.7
10.9
11.2
11.4
11.7
26-28
11.0
11.2
11.5
11.7
12.0
12.3
12.5
12.7
13.0
29-31
12.3
12.5
12.8
13.0
13.3
13.5
13.8
14.0
14.3
32-34
13.6
13.8
14.0
14.3
14.5
14.8
15.0
15.3
15.5
35-37
14.8
15.0
15.3
15.5
15.8
16.0
16.3
16.5
16.8
38-40
16.0
16.3
16.5
16.7
17.0
17.2
17.5
17.7
18.0
41-43
17.2
17.4
17.7
17.9
18.2
18.4
18.7
18.9
19.2
44-46
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.1
19.3
19.6
19.8
20.1
20.3
47-49
19.5
19.7
20.0
20.2
20.5
20.7
21.0
21.2
21.5
50-52
20.6
20.8
21.1
21.3
21.6
21.8
22.1
22.3
22.6
53-55
21.7
21.9
22.1
22.4
22.6
22.9
23.1
23.4
23.6
56-58
22.7
23.0
23.2
23.4
23.7
23.9
24.2
23.4
24.7
59-61
23.7
24.0
24.2
24.5
24.7
25.0
25.2
25.5
25.7
62-64
24.7
25.0
25.2
25.5
25.7
26.0
26.2
26.4
26.7
65-67
25.7
25.9
26.2
26.4
26.7
26.9
27.2
27.4
27.7
68-70
26.6
26.9
27.1
27.4
27.6
27.9
28.1
28.4
28.6
71-73
27.5
27.8
28.0
28.3
28.5
28.8
29.0
29.3
29.5
74-76
28.4
28.7
28.9
29.2
29.4
29.7
29.9
30.2
30.4
77-79
29.3
29.5
29.8
30.0
30.3
30.5
30.8
31.0
31.3
80-82
30.1
30.4
30.6
30.9
31.1
31.4
31.6
31.9
32.1
83-85
30.9
31.2
31.4
31.7
31.9
32.2
32.4
32.7
32.9
86-88
31.7
32.0
32.2
32.5
32.7
32.9
33.2
33.4
33.7
89-91
32.5
32.7
33.0
33.2
33.5
33.7
33.9
34.2
34.4
92-94
33.2
33.4
33.7
33.9
34.2
34.4
34.7
34.9
35.2
95-97
33.9
34.1
34.4
34.6
34.9
35.1
35.4
35.6
35.9
98-100
34.6
34.8
35.1
35.3
35.5
35.8
36.0
36.3
36.5
101-103
35.2
35.4
35.7
35.9
36.2
36.4
36.7
36.9
37.2
104-106
35.8
36.1
36.3
36.6
36.8
37.1
37.3
37.5
37.8
107-109
36.4
36.7
36.9
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.9
38.1
38.4
110-112
37.0
37.2
37.5
37.7
38.0
38.2
38.5
38.7
38.9
113-115
37.4
37.8
38.0
38.2
38.5
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.5
116-118
38.0
38.3
38.5
38.8
39.0
39.3
39.5
39.7
40.0
119-121
38.5
38.7
39.0
39.2
39.5
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.5
122-124
39.0
39.2
39.4
39.7
39.9
40.2
40.4
40.7
40.9
125-127
39.4
39.6
39.9
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
41.1
41.4
128-130
39.8
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.8
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.8
Body density calculated based on the generalized equation predicting body density of women developed by A.S. Jackson, M.L. Pollock, and A. Ward. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12:174-182, 1980.
Percent body fat determined from the calculated body density using the Siri formula.
Anthropometric Tables of Reference Values (Continued)
Table 9: Percent Fat Estimates for Males
Calculated from Abdomen, Chest, and Thigh Skinfold Thickness
Sum: three skinfolds
Age to the Last Year
Millimeters
< 19
20-22
23-25
26-28
29-31
32-34
35-37
38-40
8-10
0.9
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.3
11-13
1.9
2.3
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.7
4.0
4.3
14-16
2.9
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.3
4.6
5.0
5.3
17-19
3.9
4.2
4.6
4.9
5.3
5.6
6.0
6.3
20-22
4.8
5.2
5.5
5.9
6.2
6.6
6.9
7.3
23-25
5.8
6.2
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.2
26-28
6.8
7.1
7.5
7.8
8.1
8.5
8.8
9.2
29-31
7.7
8.0
8.4
8.7
9.1
9.4
9.8
10.1
32-34
8.6
9.0
9.3
9.7
10.0
10.4
10.7
11.1
35-37
9.5
9.9
10.2
10.6
10.9
11.3
11.6
12.0
38-40
10.5
10.8
11.2
11.5
11.8
12.2
12.5
12.9
41-43
11.4
11.7
12.1
12.3
12.7
13.1
13.4
13.8
44-46
12.2
12.6
12.9
13.3
13.6
14.0
14.3
14.7
47-49
13.1
13.5
13.8
14.2
14.5
14.9
15.2
15.5
50-52
14.0
14.3
14.7
15.0
15.4
15.7
16.1
16.4
53-55
14.8
15.2
15.5
15.9`
16.2
16.6
16.9
17.3
56-58
15.7
16.0
16.4
16.7
17.1
17.4
17.8
18.1
59-61
16.5
16.9
17.2
17.6
17.9
18.3
18.6
19.0
62-64
17.4
17.7
18.1
18.4
18.8
19.1
19.4
19.8
65-67
18.2
18.5
18.9
19.2
19.6
19.9
20.3
20.6
68-70
19.0
19.3
19.7
20.0
20.4
20.7
21.1
21.4
71-73
19.8
20.1
20.5
20.8
21.2
21.5
21.9
22.2
74-76
20.6
20.9
21.3
21.6
22.0
22.2
22.7
23.0
77-79
21.4
21.7
22.1
22.4
22.8
23.1
23.4
23.8
80-82
22.1
22.5
22.8
23.2
23.5
23.9
24.2
24.6
83-85
22.9
23.2
23.6
23.9
24.3
24.6
25.0
25.3
86-88
23.6
24.0
24.3
24.7
25.0
25.4
25.7
26.1
89-91
24.4
24.7
25.1
25.4
258
26.1
26.5
26.8
92-94
25.1
25.5
25.8
26.2
26.5
26.9
27.2
27.5
95-97
25.8
26.2
26.5
26.0
27.2
27.6
27.9
28.3
98-100
26.6
26.9
27.3
27.6
27.9
28.3
28.6
29.0
101-103
27.3
27.6
28.0
28.3
28.6
29.0
29.3
29.7
104-106
27.9
28.3
28.6
29.0
29.3
29.7
30.0
30.4
107-109
28.6
29.0
29.3
29.7
30.0
30.5
30.7
31.1
110-112
29.3
29.6
30.0
30.3
30.7
31.0
31.4
31.7
113-115
30.0
30.3
30.7
31.0
31.1
31.7
32.0
32.4
116-118
30-6
31.0
31.3
31.6
32.6
33.0
33.3
33.7
119-121
31.3
31.6
32.0
32.3
32.6
33.0
33.3
33.7
122-124
31.9
32.2
32.6
32.9
33.3
33.6
34.0
34.3
125-127
32.5
32.9
33.2
33.5
33.9
34.2
34.6
34.9
128-130
33.1
33.5
33.8
34.2
34.5
34.9
35.2
35.5
Body density calculated based on the generalized equation predicting body density of men developed by A.S. Jackson, and M.L. Pollock. British Journal of Nutrition 40:497-504, 1978.
Percent body fat determined from the calculated body density using the Siri formula.
Anthropometric Measurement Techniques (Continued) Technique for Elbow Measurement
Figure 8.3 Measurement of elbow breadth. Extend your arm and bend the forearm and bend the forearm upward at a 90˚ angle. Keep your fingers straight, and turn the inside of your wrist toward your body. Place the calipers on the two prominent bones on either side of the elbow. Measure the space between the bones with the caliper to the nearest 0.1 cm or 1/8 inch.
Photo taken from Gropper, SS, Smith, JL, and Groff, JL. Advanced Nutrition and Metabolism. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadworth Publishing Co.; 2009.
Anthropometric Measurement Techniques (Continued) Technique for Skinfold Measurements:
Triceps: Chest:
– Vertical fold – Diagonal fold
Posterior midline of the upper arm – Men: One-half the distance between the anterior
Halfway between the acromion (shoulder) axillary line (crease of the underarm) and the nipple and olecranon processes (elbow). – Women: One-third of the distance between the anterior
Arm held freely to the side of the body. axillary line and the nipple.
Midaxillary: Subscapular:
– Vertical or horizontal fold midaxillary – Diagonal fold
line at the level of the xiphoid process of – 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula. the sternum.
Anthropometric Measurement Techniques (Continued) Technique for Skinfold Measurements:
Suprailiac: Abdominal:
– Diagonal fold – Vertical (modern technique)
Anterior axillary line (modern technique) – 2 cm or 1” to the right side of the umbilicus
Immediately superior to the iliac crest – Horizontal fold (traditional)
In line with the natural angle of the iliac – 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus crest taken.
OTHER SITES
Biceps:
Vertical fold
Anterior aspect of the arm over the belly of the biceps muscle.
1 cm above the level used to mark the tricep site
Calf:
Vertical fold
Maximum circumference of calf on the midline of the medical border.
OTHER SITES
Biceps:
Vertical fold
Anterior aspect of the arm over the belly of the biceps muscle.
1 cm above the level used to mark the tricep site
Calf:
Vertical fold
Maximum circumference of calf on the midline of the medical border.
Source:
http://www.exrx.net/Testing/BodyCompSites.html
Source:
http://www.exrx.net/Testing/BodyCompSites.htmlThigh:
Vertical fold
Anterior midline of the thigh
Midway between the proximal border of the patella (upper knee) and the inguinal crease (hip).
Anthropometric Measurement Techniques (Continued) Anatomical Location for Midarm Circumference
Photo taken from: http://moodle.digital-campus.org/mod/page/view.php?id=13563