MCB2010C: Vaccine Assignment
Course Learning Outcome
Students will be able to identify the mechanisms of pathogenicity and distinguish the different levels of immunity operating in the human body.
Student Learning Outcomes
Explain the lines of immune defense components.
Explain the typical steps in host immunity.
Describe the immune mechanisms unique to microbes.
Explain vaccines or vaccine development attempts that protect against microbes.
Questions
Summarize the three lines of immune defense.
Categorize the following in terms of the line and type of immune defense that each term represents.
Lysozyme
Complement
Nose hair
Inflammation
T cells
Neutrophils
B cells
Fever
Phagocytosis
Dendritic cells
Skin keratinization
Mutation in CCR5
Differentiate between a granulocyte versus an agranulocyte. Provide examples.
If a pathogen is able to move beyond the initial barriers of the host, what types of cells would the pathogen encounter first? What mechanism is likely to take place in this encounter that leads to the uptake and destruction of the pathogen?
Host cells present at the location of infection initially may produce molecules that signal the hypothalamus. What second line of defense occurs as a result? What benefit to the host does this response serve?
Introduction of pathogen can also result in redness, swelling, heat, and pain. What second line of defense does this constitute? What benefit does this response serve?
Pathogen may not be destroyed as a result of the second line of defense. In this event, what cells are responsible for surveillance and alerting lymphocytes?
During the third line of defense, which lymphocyte population is activated first typically? What cell-cell binding interactions must occur to activate these lymphocytes?
Which lymphocyte population is directly responsible for production of antibodies? Describe the steps by which these cells become activated to produce antibodies.
What is the role of the cytotoxic T cell? Describe the step-by-step mechanism by which these cells become activated.
Categorize the following examples of immunity by type of immunity:
Becoming ill with COVID-19
Receiving a vaccination against COVID-19
Receiving plasma antibodies from someone who recovered from COVID-19.
Prenatal IgG antibodies circulating in the blood of a pregnant woman that can reach the fetus.
What are the different classes of immunoglobulin?
What specific roles does each class of immunoglobulin play in host immunity?
How do the primary and secondary immune responses differ in the timing and amount of antibody produced?
What is the reason for the timing of the secondary antibody response? Hint: What cells are activated?
Using peer-reviewed literature, describe some of the immune interactions that result from infection of a host by an example of one microbe?
Is there a vaccine available that protects against this disease caused by an example of one microbe. Describe this vaccine preparation (i.e. whole cell (Killed or Live attenuated) or subunit).
Are their vaccines currently being researched or developed against the microbe you chose from the previous questions? Give a brief description of these vaccine formulations and what stage of development are they in.
What is the adjuvant for either the current vaccine or the vaccine in development against your microbe?
Are there side effects known to the vaccines that you have described against your microbes (if known)?
How are hypersensitivities different from immunodeficiencies?
Compare and contrast the four types of hypersensitivity.
Categorize the following descriptions according to the hypersensitivity they belong.
T cell-mediated
Anaphylaxis
ABO blood type incompatibility
Contact dermatitis
IgE-mediated
Asthma
Graft versus host disease
Multiple sclerosis
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hay fever
Serum sickness
What is the difference between a primary and secondary immunodeficiency?
Provide one example of a primary and secondary immunodeficiency.