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Table of Contents
Table of Figures ii
Table of Tables iv
Abstract v
1.0 Introduction 6
1.1 Research Background 6
1.2 Research Objectives 7
2.0 Literature Review 8
3.0 Methodology 11
3.1 Interviews 11
3.2 Surveys 12
4.0 Results 14
5.0 Analysis 29
6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 1
References 2
Bibliography 4
Appendix A: INTERVIEWS 5
Table of Figures
Figure 41: What is your role in the construction industry? 21
Figure 42: How long have you been in the construction industry? 22
Abstract
[Provide a concise summary of your research highlighting the main goal, findings, and conclusions. Remove this note when completed.]
Introduction
[The purpose of introduction is to introduce the research problem and focus of the study, establish its significance, and share the researcher’s perspectives on the broader context in which the problem occurs. This chapter should provide a framework for the problem within the context of the construction industry. It should include a background information on the research topic, the rationale for research, the research aims and objectives, and limitations. Remove this note when completed.]
Research Background
The study reflects on the value producing facts of BIM technology on virtual designing as well as coordination sectors of the construction industry. This literature review section provides with depth understanding of 4D scheduling tool to assist in sequencing as well as implementing the field operations of the construction industry to increase in business productivity. The benefits of 4D scheduling visualization tool helps in successful adoption of 4D application in the construction field (Basu, 2007). The results of the analysis are transparency to the sequencing of the production, visualizing trades as well as movement of the equipment with understanding of the constraints related to site plus schedule. Usage of 4D BIM is a method that can increase the business values by increasing efficiency of the field operations. 4D visualization is the main function of the construction schedule and it is listed as one of the functions of BIM with maximum attentiveness of sole relations in relative to lean values. The study also discusses on the major trends in the 4D applications like modeling of product, visualization in addition process modeling. Both product modeling as well as visualization is the trends that can cover various applications like delivering product data to the clients (Kim et al., 2013). It is accessible to the technical expertise and easily understandable for the construction professionals attempting to collect the information from model. Usage of 4D BIM and visualization are providing technological outputs such as increase in transparency as well as increase in output of the business values through realization of client reflections.
Research Objectives
The objectives of this research were to:
Determine the ways that 4D scheduling has helped the construction industry, and how it can be advanced in the future.
Identify best ways to stimulate a modern construction site with the use of 4D scheduling.
Determining how and in what other areas 4D scheduling can be advanced in construction.
How can 4D scheduling allow for a more productive construction site, and how it has influenced other trades viewing the 4D schedule?
Literature Review
According to Jupp (2017), 4D models are accomplished in the construction planning as well as scheduling activities. It is useful for team member collaboration with the construction staffs. 4D allows simulation in addition interaction with the construction sequences throughout graphic display devices. 4D provides the planners with an ability to improve the construction sequences identify the schedule conflicts, manage the professionals as well as construction work like formwork, cranes and others. Mazars and Francis (2020) mentioned that 4D scheduling tool ensures that all the construction works are applied effectively and there is no possibility of any conflicts. Hasan and Rasheed (2019) concluded that 4D visualization tool helps in development of the contingency plans to handle the project delays in the material releases and deal with unavailability of the building resources. Feedback is taken from the construction professionals to design team providing outcome from 4D model reviews can lead to eagerly constructible, operable as well as maintainable project.
According to Tallgren, Roupé and Johansson (2021), 4D models are connected as well as spatial aspects of the project that can allow the users in viewing the construction procedures, better understanding of the schedule, and detection of errors before execution of the construction planning. Guo, Yu and Skitmore (2017) suggested that usage of BIM as well as supporting construction technology continued to grow. The aim of this section is investigating current perception of the construction professionals regards to the benefits as well as barriers to adoption of 4D mode for the site safety of the construction work. Magill et al., (2020) determined that the main benefits of 4D scheduling tool are adding values to the construction industry through visualization as well as efficient interaction of the project outcomes, problems that can positive impacts on the health as well as safety management included site planning. The barriers of 4D scheduling tool included cost of training to the construction staffs, implementation time as well as cultural problems. The study also recommended that education in addition training in BIM is increasing. With key volume of research in BIM as well as 4D modeling for the safety management, it develops an evolving field. 4D model includes synchronization of the graphical model components with the schedule information. It creates with visual construction sequencing procedure. This particular process allows schedule data in visual format. Martínez-Aires, López-Alonso and Martínez-Rojas (2018) mentioned that 4D model allows the construction team to assess logical as well as sequence of construction plan. It provides with an opportunity to explore options to improve the safety on the site and execution of construction work.
Generation of construction project with 4D visualization tool needs an integration of the 3D geometrical model with linked schedule of tasks. This computer based method is included to enhance ability to perform site management functions over various temporal domains. Torres-Calderon et al., (2019) concluded that 4D model provides with detailed site management for the construction managers through building cycles. According to Hasan and Rasheed (2019), if timing of the activity is to be customized graphically on screen, then there is management of the activity to be finished routinely to bar schedule as well as vice versa. Evaluation of the resource needs is updated to get consistency of the construction work. According to Magill et al., (2020), the virtual representation of construction process stimulates activities those are involved through the construction work by means of virtual simulations and virtual reality. According to Mazars and Francis (2020), utilization of model data as well as geometry will allow live safety tracking. This particular procedure involves live data in the model to be utilized for the purpose to track objects, and operations in the construction site. Potential for this involves level of dust, noise and incorporate monitoring by means of sensors as well as tag systems. Guo and Skitmore (2017) argued that digital information modeling software with capability of 4D will enhance ability to see the hazards as well as risks.
Methodology
The major goal of this study was to see whether field workers might benefit from using 4D BIM as a visualization tool. Interviews and questionnaires were used to gather primary data about the application of 4D scheduling in construction. Participants in this research were “superintendents,” or those who were most likely responsible for coordinating the daily operations of a construction site, including quality control and subcontractor coordination. The interviewees were working on projects in Toronto, Canada at the time of their participation. These results are from the perspectives of the people surveyed and interviewed and reflect their opinions which will be represented. The selection of participants was done in order to get an expert perspective on the usage of 4D technology in conjunction with field operations management and control.
Interviews
The first person I spoke with was Michael Strangis who is a site supervisor at Broccolini Construction with over fifteen years of maintaining a close eye on construction sites and making certain that all building codes are being followed. The site supervisor’s had first-hand information on the implementation of 4D scheduling on-site which was particularly valuable in this study. On January 24th I had met with Michael through Microsoft Teams out of Toronto, Canada to discuss his experience and point of view relating to 4D scheduling technology.
My next interview was with Courtney Clarke, a Construction Foreman with over ten years of experience in the construction industry. She is also in charge of the project schedule on site and keeps track of the timecards of the workers and their timely fulfillment of duties. I highly appreciate the opportunity to speak with Courtney and gather this valuable information from a respected construction professional. To receive more information regarding the perspective on changes in construction technologies over the years and new and emerging technologies like the implementation of 4D scheduling. I had met with Courtney via Zoom out of Toronto, Canada on December 2, 2021, and received her point of view on how she implements 4D scheduling on her site.
I finally interviewed Diana Pinnell who is the director of special projects at Broccolini who is specialized in identifying modern technologies in the construction industry. I thought it was beneficial to get Diana’s point of view on 4D scheduling to get a special project director’s
Perspective. This dug into utilization and implementation of modern technologies in the construction industry and opportunity to learn more about the particular technical knowledge on 4D scheduling, which was valuable in this study. On January 27th I had conducted the interview with Diana over Microsoft Teams out of Toronto, Canada to record her responses.
I asked all three interviewees the key question, which was the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing 4D scheduling in construction. I was hoping to understand if the interviewees would recommend the use of 4D scheduling in construction. I conducted a survey, and what I wanted to determine the people who had taken my survey as my target audience was project managers from other construction companies that have utilized 4D scheduling and those who have not. This was the appropriate target audience since they had experience in the construction sector. I hoped to understand the perception of those surveyed on 4D scheduling. An experiment was not conducted due to the lack of finances and resources.
Surveys
Surveys were conducted by use of google forms. Random sampling technique was employed to identify the sample.61 construction workers participated in the survey. The survey had 100% response rate. The following were the questions used in the survey.
What is your role in the construction industry?
How long have you been in the construction industry?
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for better sharing and coordination of drawings”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important).”4D scheduling allows for flexibility for presenting project information”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for visualization for constructability studies”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling removes ambiguous information”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for easier scheduling of trades”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for shorter design time”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for fewer design errors and omissions”
Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling portrays information clearer than 2D for subtrades”
Results
The results of the interview indicate that both the site supervisor and the director of special projects support the use of 4D scheduling in construction because it enables them to project the future progress of a construction project. The special project director pointed out that 4D was the future in construction, but it would need further improvement to make it easy for most construction technicians to utilize. He noted that utilizing 4D scheduling would result in the identification of errors or adjustments during construction. He noted that this would enable the construction company to schedule its projects appropriately. The site supervisor stated that 4D scheduling enabled people to understand their progress to ensure that a project was completed on time. The site manager noted that the use of 4D scheduling ensured day-to-day productivity among different departments of the construction company.
Primary Research interview questions:
Interviewee 1 – Michael Strangis
Interviewee 2 – Diana Pinnell
Interviewee 3 – Courtney Clarke
What is your title? Interviewee 1: Site Supervisor Interviewee 2: Director of special projects Interviewee 3: Construction Foreman
How many years of experience do you have in the 4D scheduling construction field?
Interviewee 1: 17 Years
Interviewee 2: 10 Years
Interviewee 3: 12 Years
What has been your main role in the construction industry? Interviewee 1: inspecting work sites to make certain that construction safety requirements are being followed and that progress is being made
Interviewee 2: directing, coordinating, and executing corporate construction tasks outside of my regular responsibilities.
Interviewee 3: Building projects in accordance with predetermined priorities and schedules. Creating timetables and keeping tabs on the crew’s attendance.
Are you aware of 4d scheduling? Interviewee 1: Yes Interviewee 2: Yes Interviewee 3: Yes
What are some of the best ways to expose everyone on site to the 4D schedule
(1)
Interviewee 1: Coordinate with the plan- The Lean idea of greater visibility is reflected in 4D. We could visually compare the original and the updated version to see where we were expected to be and where we were at that moment, and look for chances to get back on schedule when modifications had to be made due to weather delays. We could. We were able to fine-tune the sequencing since it showed us the true effect.
Interviewee 2: Customize the 4D scheduling process – For space reasons, we must follow a predetermined order and pattern. There’s a lot to take in while viewing the schedule in 2D. Overwhelming information. With a 4D timetable, the purpose was to visually represent the order in which we needed to move people and who was ahead of whom.
Interviewee 3: Find the right project, in the past, I’ve seen fantastic concepts fall flat because of a lack of understanding of the product’s intended application or a lack of progress in 4D technology. I think we need to work this out. It’s going to be clumsy in the first stages of development. In the beginning of computer programming, there were no shortcuts to a keystroke. In the near future, we will no longer have to enter lengthy codes. We’re beginning to see the benefits of having folks put in the effort to learn about it.
In what ways can 4D scheduling be advanced in the future as it grows in the construction industry today? (1)
Interviewee 1: Time/Efficiency – Ironically, managing a project timetable in 4D requires more time than managing a project schedule on 2D platforms. A new set of skillsets is necessary to aid with the initial setup of the 4D schedule because of the model’s inclusion. For the initial set-up and continuing modifications to the 4D timetable, the majority of project teams will need the assistance of a VDC professional.
Interviewee 2: Pull Plan Schedules – Integrating the pull plan into a 4D model might be difficult. Traditional scheduling systems that interface with our 4D schedules do
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Not yet account for pull planning, and the software that does is not integrated with our 4D platforms. As a result, pull plans are commonly displayed on a wall in the workplace. Pull planning might make it difficult to maintain a 4D model, which can lead to duplication of effort, which is not lean.
Interviewee 3: TRADITIONAL CHANGES TO THE SCHEDULE – Every endeavor has its ups and downs. Even the effects of bad weather may necessitate rearranging the timetable. It’s a fact that when dates change, the solutions the team comes up with often include reworking existing connections and sequences of tasks in an attempt to reclaim lost time. Keeping a 4D schedule up-to-date often has little to do with 4D at all, but rather with our attitude to conventional scheduling.
How does 4D scheduling influence other trades viewing the 4D schedule? (3) Interviewee 1: Workspaces need to be modeled in logistics modeling because of this: Physical workplace, storage locations for materials, material circulation channels, and access points for unloading materials on floors of the building under construction or at manufacturing units. Using 4D modeling to automatically discover possible conflicts between workplaces, storage areas, and pathways of various work fronts is crucial to the process since it enables the sequence of work to be reviewed over time. Interviewee 2: In addition to the project’s 3D CAD models, the researchers sought out other areas for investigation. Many academics have developed 4D models that integrate 3D CAD models with schedule data to portray building progress in an automated and dynamic viewpoint.
Interviewee 3: Construction tools such as 4D computer-aided design models have also been created to produce more dynamic and adaptable 4D simulation settings. 3D
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Computer-aided design models may be visualized using 4D modeling based on their corresponding scheduling intervals. An artifact may be built in a 4D simulation environment before it is built in real life to help project teams plan and coordinate various transactions in an ever-changing project environment.
How does 4D scheduling help the construction industry? (1&3) Interviewee 1: Avoiding Construction Conflicts through Strategic Scheduling Building product schedules are generated and a visual is created in a step-by-step manner. Additionally, 4D BIM takes into account many aspects of the construction process such as the lead-time and installation times as well as the drying/mixing time and the interdependence of other items.
Visualization in Four Dimensions- In order to compare the planned plan with the actual plan, it is helpful to turn the scheduling data into a graphical design. Interviewee 2: Optimized use of resources
Data in the form of graphs and datasheets provides more visibility and assists in the mobility and planning of resources. The integrated strategy also aids in maximizing resources, maximizing operating efficiency, and fulfilling timetables, all of which contribute to the success of the project.
Cohesion between different fields of study- As a result of less rework and greater coordination among the many professions on the building site, there is less waste and increased productivity. Workers on a building site may be more productive by coordinating their efforts with those of their colleagues in related fields.
Interviewee 3: Keeping an eye on the big picture- Every project, big or little, has its own unique set of challenges when it comes to keeping an eye on what’s going on on-site. In large-scale building, this is almost hard to do.
What harbored the birth of 4D scheduling and helped it grow to what it is today? (1)
Interviewee 1: Protected information and workplaces
Use of a construction animation sequence may have significant advantages for project safety, both in terms of data breach and accident dangers on site.
Preventative measures and resolution- Disputes are without a doubt one of the largest and most expensive impediments that the construction industry is now facing. A common-shared information approach does, however, provide an impressive amount of openness, transparency, and accountability to the enterprise as whole.
Interviewee 2: Tradespeople in sync with one another- In a building project, keeping everyone informed of the newest developments is more difficult than it first seems. This has led to a lot of time spent in meetings and on the phone as a consequence, which may be exhausting.
Interviewee 3: Using 4D BIM may help reduce the number of meetings and the time spent in each one. Because of the ease with which 4D BIM models allow stakeholders to see where the project is at any given time, it becomes much easier to share ideas and discuss how it is progressing.
What are ways you can make a 4D schedule more user friendly? (1,2, & 4) Interviewee 1: Coordinate with the plan 4D is a manifestation of the Lean concept of increased visibility. Using the updated map, we could see where we were originally supposed to be and where we were really at, and seek for ways to get back on track when adjustments had to be made because of weather delays. We could have. Due of this, we were able to fine-tune the sequencing.
Interviewee 2: We need to follow a certain method because of the limited amount of room we have. There’s a lot of information to process when looking at the timetable in 2D. Information overload. Visually representing the sequence in which people needed to be moved and who was ahead of whom was the goal of a 4D schedule
Interviewee 3: Many great ideas have failed due to a lack of knowledge of the product’s intended purpose or a lack of technological advancements. We need to figure this out together. When it’s initially being built, it will be clunky. There were no keyboard shortcuts in the early days of computer programming. Soon, we will no longer have to type long codes. Having people make an effort to learn about it is starting to pay off.
Results from the survey
Figure 41: What is your role in the construction industry?
In the graph below, we can see the distribution of people among roles in the vast construction industry. We can see the dominant role which hold the most people. The dominant role being Construction managers and BIM Technicians.
Figure 42: How long have you been in the construction industry?
In the above graph we can see the experience distribution in years among the 61 people who participated in the survey. Most people have experience of less than 5 year whilst people who have the most years in experience ranging from 12-25 were only eight.
Figure 43: Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for better sharing and coordination of drawings”
Most people found the statement fairly important scale 3 and 4 recording the highest numbers, these new technologies have improved production, reduced waste, and boosted sustainability initiatives. Using 4D BIM simulation on construction sites is expected to be beneficial. As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 26 people out of 61 (43%) which are inclusive of project managers, engineers, consultants and estimators believe it is not as moderately important to them in regard to the coordination of drawings when it comes to 4D scheduling.
Figure 44: Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important).”4D scheduling allows for flexibility for presenting project information”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important cause the highest numbers rated it 4 and 3 on a scale of 1 to 5 and least rated it 2. A graphical depiction of a large quantity of data is much easier to comprehend than a large table of data. Managers struggled in the early days of computer scheduling to make sense of the dense data supplied by these systems.
As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 26 people out of 61 (43%) which are inclusive of project managers, engineers, BIM Technicians, and estimators believe it is important to have 4D scheduling allowing for flexibility for presenting project information.
Figure 45.Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for visualization for constructability studies”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important because the highest numbers rated it 4 and 5 on a scale of 1 to 5. For projects with both demolition and building stages, the recommended guideline works well. Studies suggest that this recommended guideline might help with construction management by discovering schedule inconsistencies and performing constructability evaluations as well as identifying time and space discrepancies.
As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 29 people out of 61 (48%) which are inclusive of project managers, Architects, engineers, BIM Technicians, and estimators believe it is important to have 4D scheduling to allow for visualization for constructability studies.
Figure 46 Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for visualization for constructability studies”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important because the highest numbers rated it 4 and 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. The use of a three-dimensional project model removes any ambiguity or inconsistency in project quantity projections. As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 24 people out of 61 (39%) which are inclusive of project
Managers, Architects, designers, engineers, BIM Technicians, and others believe it is important
To have 4D scheduling to help remove ambiguous information.
Figure 47: 7. Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for easier scheduling of trades”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important because the highest numbers rated it 4 and 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. With a 4D model from Proactive, it is easy to see precisely which trades need to be there and at what time, as well as to work through tough phasing issues and find logic flaws in the building plan. As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 32 people out of 61 (52%) which are inclusive of project managers, Architects, designers, quantity estimators, engineers, BIM Technicians, and others believe it is important to have 4D scheduling to allow for easier scheduling of trades
Figure 48: Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for shorter design time”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important because the highest numbers rated it 4 and 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. Four-D BIM, in a nutshell, utilizes time-related data with other digital information model components. Lead periods, installation times, and drying allowances are all examples of contract-specific details. By linking project optimization and customer satisfaction with effective time management, 4-D BIM hopes to accomplish its stated goal. As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 29 people out of 61 (47%) which are inclusive of project managers, Architects, designers, quantity estimators, engineers, and BIM Technicians believe it is important to have 4D scheduling to allow for shorter design time.
Figure 49: Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling allows for fewer design errors and omissions”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important because the highest numbers rated it 4 and 5 on a scale of 1 to 5. 4D models helped teams find logical faults more often, faster and with fewer mistakes than teams that utilized 2D drawings and bar charts. As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 34 people out of 61 (56%) which are inclusive of project managers, Architects, consultants, designers, quantity estimators, engineers, and BIM Technicians believe it is important to have 4D scheduling to allow for fewer design errors and omissions.
Figure 410: Rate the following statement in a scale of 1 to 5. (1-least important, 5-most important). “4D scheduling portrays information clearer than 2D for subtrades”
According to the survey data this statement can be deemed important because the highest numbers rated it 4 and 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. Local stakeholders benefit from the use of 4D visualizations since they are easier to understand than 2D drawings. As a result, the 5D BIM cost estimates may not be as accurate as they may be. It’s common for cost managers to be re-examined. As shown here, the majority of those surveyed being 24 people out of 61 (39%) which are inclusive of project managers, Architects, consultants, designers, quantity estimators, and BIM Technicians believe it is important to have 4D scheduling to portray information clearer than 2D for subtrades.
Analysis
The research aimed to identify the gains of utilizing 4D in construction. From the interviews conducted the site supervisor Micheal Strangis, the director of special projects Diana Pinnell and the construction foreman Courtney Clarke, I noted that for construction, 4D scheduling has the potential to be a game changer. Strong and time-saving for the industry, the ability to offer a thorough portrayal of the project’s development is a powerful tool. However, a thorough grasp of its operation is necessary before a project team can maximize its utilization. 4D BIM modeling visualizes their relative value in relation to the total project. It supplies teams with accurate and valuable information on the construction of a project. It’s gaining traction in the market because of the advantages it provides, both physical and intangible. It was noted by Tallgren (2021) that building information modeling (BIM) in 4D scheduling created better communication channels that enable sharing of information and data. From his study, Tallgren et al. identified that a combination of 4D simulators and 3D models could be combined with the project schedule and present data for stakeholders to visualize the progress of a project virtually. This was verified with my primary research through the survey in question number 10. This allowed for more construction managers and BIM technicians (most responses) saying this is what they believed and recognized in the construction industry. The virtual nature of 4D BIM enables the easy presentation of data and optimization of data to analyze the current construction. In his article, Mazar et al. noted that 4D simulation enables identification of planning errors, problem-solving and efficient utilization of the 4D simulator.
Based on surveys and interviews, it was discovered that the 4D scheduling system had certain issues that needed to be fixed. Observed weaknesses include the one-day wait between review days, which is too lengthy for most construction projects. The option to define the assembly order of components important to a work, in addition to scheduling tasks in the task manager, gives more detailed planning and information about the installation sequence.
Additionally, the tool’s practical utility for site layout and safety planning has been hindered by a lack of specific components for site planning. In order to facilitate scheduling and visualization utilizing 4D tools for safety-related components, it is recommended that component assemblies consisting of many parts be modeled (included in a BIM) (included in a BIM). Mars and Francis identified that 4D simulation could be utilized to ensure the safety of construction workers. All the surveyed or interviewed people identified that accidents are common in construction, leading to serious injuries and even death. According to Martinez-Aires, Lopez, and Martinez-Rolas (2018), simulation enabled a construction team to design an appropriate plan that would ensure effective progress.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The conclusions of the 4D scheduling project’s intermediate findings are shown in this article. When using 4D scheduling technology, safety planning must be effective and efficient in order to minimize accidents and maximize the benefits of the 4D technology. Research and development efforts should concentrate on the following qualities in particular. Work equipment (including safety equipment) and structural supports, as well as large-scale temporary buildings and huts, are all included in the object and component libraries for site design. Detailed 4D models of the ground surface and temporary excavation are also provided, along with site layout simulations (with time steps fewer than one day). Safety analysis approaches include the following: space occupancy/realization by various resources, conflicts between resources, transportation and movement routes, fixation and installation processes as well as the selection of safety equipment based on the study results.
References
Basu, A. (2007). 4D Scheduling – A Case Study. AACE International Transactions, 12.112.6. Guo, H., Yu, Y., & Skitmore, M. (2017). Visualization technology-based construction safety
Basu, A. (2007). 4D Scheduling – A Case Study. AACE International Transactions, 12.112.6.
Guo, H., Yu, Y., & Skitmore, M. (2017). Visualization technology-based construction safety management: A review. Automation in Construction, 73, 135-144.
Hasan, A. N., & Rasheed, S. M. (2019). The benefits of and challenges to implement 5D BIM in construction industry. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(2), 412.
Jupp, J. (2017). 4D BIM for environmental planning and management. Procedia engineering, 180, 190-201.
Kim, H., Anderson, K., Lee, S., & Hildreth, J. (2013). Generating construction schedules through automatic data extraction using open BIM (building information modeling) technology. Automation in Construction, 35, 285–295.
Magill, L. J., Jafarifar, N., Watson, A., & Omotayo, T. (2020). 4D BIM integrated construction supply chain logistics to optimise on-site production. International journal of construction management, 1-10.management: A review. Automation in Construction, 73, 135-144.
Martínez-Aires, M. D., López-Alonso, M., & Martínez-Rojas, M. (2018). Building information modeling and safety management: A systematic review. Safety science, 101, 11-18.
Mazars, T., & Francis, A. (2020). Chronographical spatiotemporal dynamic 4D planning. Automation in Construction, 112.
Tallgren, M. V., Roupé, M., & Johansson, M. (2021). 4D modelling using virtual collaborative planning and scheduling. Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 26(42), 763-782.
Torres-Calderon, W., Chi, Y., Amer, F., & Golparvar-Fard, M. (2019). Automated mining of construction schedules for easy and quick assembly of 4D BIM simulations. In Computing in Civil Engineering 2019: Visualization, Information Modeling, andSimulation (pp. 432-438). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Appendix A: INTERVIEWS
Interviewee 1 – Michael Strangis
Interviewee 2 – Diana Pinnell
Interviewee 3 – Courtney Clarke
[Provide the name, full business contact info and position in company, date and location of interview.]
[Include interview transcript or notes. Put all questions in bold type.]
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